摘要
一般性诉讼证明标准的确立,有助于统一司法裁判尺度,提升法律的安定性与可预测性。但是,一般性诉讼证明标准无法兼顾到全部诉讼案件的公正问题。针对其缺陷,可通过证明标准降低予以弥补。将待证事实为真的心证要求予以降低,可以起到减轻当事人证明责任负担的效果。证明标准降低的法律性质为证明责任减轻,不免除或者改变原来的证明责任的分配。证明标准降低,不是对一般性诉讼证明标准的否定,而是以其为前提下的例外规则,两者关系为“一般与例外”。建构符合我国民事诉讼理论传统及实践的证明标准降低模型,除了坚持“一般与例外”原则外,还应设置严格的适用条件,即确因案件事实本身性质造成证明困难且致实体审理结果显失公正;同时,应对其施以程度和程序上的双重规制,在程度上降低的下限为盖然性优势(超过50%),在程序上及时公开降低的心证过程及结果并允许当事人论辩与上诉,以防止恣意裁判。
Establishing a standard of proof in general litigation helps to standardize judicial decision-making and improve the stability and predictability of the law.However,this general standard may not always ensure fairness in all litigation cases.To address this defect,a reduction in the standard of proof can be implemented.By lowering the requirement for judges to accept the facts as true,the burden of proof on parties can be lightened.However,it is crucial to emphasize that reducing the standard of proof only eases the burden of proof for the party responsible for presenting evidence,making it easier to prove their case,without exempting or altering the overall the burden of proof.Such reduction should be viewed as an exception to,rather than a negation of,the general standard in litigation.The relationship between the two can be characterized as"general and exception."To construct a model for reducing the standard of proof in line with the China's civil procedure,strict application conditions must be established.These conditions should involve cases where proving the facts is challenging and where the trial outcome would be significantly unfair without a reduction in the standard of proof.Additionally,this model should be subject to both qualitative and procedural regulations.The minimum threshold for reducing the standard should be a more than 50%probability advantage.Procedurally,the evaluation process and outcomes of the reduction should be transparent and open to public scrutiny,allowing parties to present arguments and appeal decisions to prevent arbitrary judgments.
出处
《比较法研究》
CSSCI
北大核心
2024年第2期107-119,共13页
Journal of Comparative Law
关键词
实体事实
证明困难
证明标准降低
证明责任减轻
substantive facts
difficulty of proof
reduction of standard of proof
reduction of burden of proof
rule and regulation
