摘要
公众知情权与个人隐私权是公共卫生治理中两种均应保护的重要权利。保障公众知情权与个人隐私权不仅有利于保障公民权利和维护公共健康,而且是维护人的尊严和价值、促进社会文明进步的题中之义。二者既有诸多共同的重要意义和伦理价值,也有不同的价值取向。价值取向的差异可能导致实践中两种权利之间的冲突。现实地看,公共卫生治理中公众知情权与个人隐私权的冲突主要表现为两种权利主体之间的利益冲突、以权利冲突为内容的法律冲突以及由义务主体的“一身二任”导致的义务冲突,从伦理层面看则是两种权利的不同价值取向导致的价值两难、以“尊重”原则为核心的伦理冲突以及以道德义务为核心的价值冲突和角色伦理困境。公共卫生治理中公众知情权与个人隐私权的冲突看似一种非此即彼的“悲剧性冲突”,但由于二者在尊重和保障公民权利和维护公众健康等方面具有价值统一性,两种权利仍然可以而且应该通过有限度的让渡方式予以平衡。平衡公众知情权与个人隐私权的价值两难,应基于公共利益优先和生命健康至上,坚持必要性、最小化和不伤害等伦理原则,使个人隐私权有限度地让渡于公众知情权。
The right to public information and individual privacy are two important rights that should be protected in public health governance.Protecting the public’s right to information and personal privacy is not only beneficial for safeguarding civil rights and maintaining public health but also essential for safeguarding human dignity and value and promoting social civilization and progress.The two have many important meanings and ethical values in common as well as differing value orientations.This difference in value orientation may lead to conflicts between the two rights in practice.Practically,the conflict between the public’s rights to information and individual privacy in public health governance mainly manifests as a conflict of interest between subjects,legal conflicts based on rights conflicts,and obligation conflicts caused by the“one person,two responsibilities”of the obligation subjects.Ethically,the different value orientations of the two rights cause a value dilemma with“respect”as the content.Ethical conflicts are centered on principles,and value conflicts and ethical dilemmas are centered on moral obligations.The conflict between the right to information of the public and the right to personal privacy in public health governance may seem tragic,but owing to their value unity in respecting and protecting civil rights and maintaining public health,the two rights can and should still be balanced through limited means of transfer.Balancing the value dilemma between the public’s right to information and personal privacy should be based on prioritizing public interests and life and health and adhering to ethical principles such as necessity,minimization,and non-harm to maximize the transfer of personal privacy to the public’s right to information.
出处
《社会治理》
2024年第2期47-57,共11页
Social Governance Review
基金
国家社科基金重大招标项目“构建人类卫生健康共同体的伦理路径研究”(编号:21&ZD057)阶段性成果
关键词
公共卫生治理
公众知情权
个人隐私权
价值两难
伦理抉择
Public Health Governance
The Right to Public Information
Personal Privacy Rights
Value Dilemma
Ethical Choices
