摘要
理解秦如何崛起为战国七雄之一,对于认识秦统一与秦王朝的形成意义重大。其中,秦与晋、魏的河西之争是认识相关问题的重要线索,可从历史叙事、政治地理视角重作考证与揭示,并将春秋、战国秦史贯通整合。秦穆公“东竟至河”实现较早,东进的目标实际是晋南、豫东,求入中原。晋惠公背约并非“河西八城”,而是河外列城及河东邑。《史记》所见“河西八城”“献其河西地”“秦地东至河”等历史叙事,出自后世建构,并不可信。春秋是天下秩序变动——天下中心衰落,周边崛起;战国是诸侯国秩序变动——诸侯国中心衰落,周边崛起。战国时期秦也现大臣干政,君位数易。《史记》“厉、躁、简公、出子之不宁”之说,同样体现一定的叙事建构,包含对怀公系之外其他秦君执政的否定。战国前期,秦对外用兵积极,因魏文侯复现晋献公之势,至简公反失河西。献公、孝公改革用兵,实皆追迹穆公,并抑制权臣。惠文君收复河西,置上郡,县义渠,超迈穆公霸业,由此称王,开启秦争天下之新章。
The reason for Qin’s ascension to one of the seven Warring States could help illuminate its success in founding a unified dynasty.The key clue lies in Qin,and Jin(Wei)’s competition on Hexi land,which deserves re-examination on historical narrative and political geography,as well as an integrative study of Qin’s history from the Spring and Autumn to the Warring States periods.Duke Mu of Qin easily extended his territory“eastward to the river”,yet his actual goal was to advance into the south of Jin and the east of Yu so as to set foot on the Central Plains.The land,which Duke Hui of Jin had promised to Qin but later broke his covenant,was not“eight cities in Hexi”but the cities across the river and the towns to the east of the river.Historical Records’narratives on“eight cities in Hexi”,“present its Hexi land”,“Qin land east to the river”are likely later generation’s fabrication and therefore unreliable.During the Spring and Autumn period,the world order underwent reconstruction:periphery powers ascended at the price of world center,while in the Warring States period the vassal states’center declined with the ascension of periphery powers.Qin also witnessed usurps of governing powers by ministers which destabilized duke power.Historical Records’condemnation of Duke Li,Duke Zao,Duke Jian and Chu Zi as“restless”was a narrative construction,which was aimed at denying the legitimacy of Non-Huai Gong-line Qin monarchs.In early Warring States period,Duke Wen of Wei’s diligent policy foiled Qin’s ambitious military adventures,which resulted in nothing but losing Hexi again during Duke Jian of Qin’s reign.Duke Xian and Duke Xiao’s military reforms,which was aimed at undermining ministers’power,could be traced back to Duke Mu’s policy.King Huiwen of Qin,by recapturing Hexi and setting up administrative control over Shangjun and Yiqu,surpassed Duke Mu’s achievements,and hence claimed the title of king,opening up a new chapter in Qin’s contention for the world.
出处
《社会科学》
CSSCI
北大核心
2024年第3期66-82,共17页
Journal of Social Sciences
关键词
穆公霸业
河西八城
历史叙事
政治地理
秦惠文王
Duke Mu’s Hegemony
Eight Cities in Hexi
Historical Narrative
Political Geography
King Huiwen of Qin
