摘要
性别平等关系社会经济发展和民生福祉,互联网等数字技术的快速发展为促进性别角色观念和性别分工平等提供了有利条件。与教育等影响因素相比,互联网在信息、知识和文化传播及共享方面独具优势,可能在“男外女内”等传统性别角色观念向“性别平等”现代性别角色观念转变的进程中发挥重要作用;由于观念常常主导行为且考虑互联网的经济效应,互联网的发展也可能促使传统家庭分工模式发生变化。性别角色观念和家庭分工趋于平等不仅有助于缓解女性遭遇的工作-家庭冲突,也将减轻传统性别角色定位给男性带来的压力。本研究利用“宽带中国”政策准实验,使用中国综合社会调查(CGSS)和中国家庭追踪调查(CFPS)数据,构建双重差分模型研究互联网对性别角色观念和家庭分工的影响。一方面,从性别角色观念的转变来看,互联网能够显著促使个体形成现代性别角色观念,使个体在能力、职业权利和家务等维度上的性别角色观念更加平等。对女性和男性分组回归发现两者在互联网的影响下均持有更加平等的性别角色观念,并且男性受到的影响更大,意味着未来以互联网为核心的数字技术的普及和深化可能在更大范围上缩小男女性别角色观念差距。进一步分析主要影响机制发现互联网拓展了人们的信息获取渠道,促使人们接触和了解更多有关性别平等的信息,增加了人们对性别平等的关注度,进而影响人们的性别角色观念。另一方面,从家庭分工的变化来看,当前互联网在改变性别角色观念的同时对家庭分工的影响仍然有限。尽管妻子的工作时长相对于丈夫有所增加,但夫妻家务时间配置即家务分工未发生显著改变,“男主外”已松动而“女主内”依旧稳固,这可能加重女性在工作和家庭上的负担。进一步检验表明家庭分工的转变仍受到传统社会规范和相对资源等因素的影响。与较多受到传统社会规范约束的地区、丈夫相对资源较多的家庭相比,在较少受到传统社会规范约束的地区、妻子相对资源较多的家庭中,妻子的工作时长相对于丈夫显著增加。在互联网的作用下,性别平等观念得以被广泛接受且男女性别角色观念差距减小,然而性别分工平等进展较为缓慢,性别平等实践任重道远。
Gender equality is essential for socioeconomic development and human well-being.The rapid advancement of digital technologies,notably the internet,creates favorable conditions for promoting gender equality.Unlike traditional influencing factors such as education,the internet provides unique advantages in disseminating information,sharing knowledge,and facilitating cultural exchange.It holds the potential to significantly contribute to the transition from traditional gender(role)attitudes,such as“men outside,women inside”to modern gender equality attitudes.Given that attitudes often shape behavior,and consider⁃ing the economic implications of internet development,it may also induce changes in the traditional house⁃hold division of labor.As gender attitudes and household labor division converge towards equality,this will not only mitigate work-family conflicts faced by women but also alleviate the pressures imposed on men by traditional gender roles.This study employs a quasi-experimental design based on the“Broadband China”policy and utilizes data from the China General Social Survey(CGSS)and the China Family Panel Studies(CFPS).It employs a difference-in-differences model to examine the impact of the internet on gender role attitudes and household division of labor.From the perspective of gender attitudes transformation,the internet significantly fosters the formation of modern gender attitudes among individuals,particularly in dimensions such as abilities,occupational rights,and division of household chores.Heterogeneity analysis indicates a convergence towards more equitable gender attitudes among women and men under the influ⁃ence of the internet,with men exhibiting a more pronounced effect.This suggests that the future prolifera⁃tion and deepening of internet-based digital technologies may further narrow the gender attitude gap on a larger scale.Further analysis reveals that the internet expands individuals’access to gender equality related information such as through online searches,thereby enhancing gender-equal awareness and influ⁃encing gender attitudes.However,the impact of the internet on the household labor division is still limited while reshaping gender role attitudes.Although wives’working hours relative to husbands have increased,the allocation of household chores has remained largely unchanged,with the traditional gender roles of“men as breadwinners”weakening while the role of“women as homemakers”remains entrenched.This may exacerbate women’s dual burdens in work and family.Additional tests indicate that the transformation of household division of labor is still influenced by traditional social norms and relative resources.In regions where traditional social norms exert fewer constraints and in households where wives possess rela⁃tively more resources,wives’working hours relative to husbands experience a significant increase.Despite the shaping of gender equality attitudes and the reduction of the gender attitude gap between men and women under the influence of the internet,progress towards gender-equal division of labor remains sluggish,underscoring the challenges ahead in gender equality practices.
作者
李青原
LI Qingyuan(National School of Development,Peking University,Beijing,100871,China)
出处
《人口学刊》
CSSCI
北大核心
2024年第3期48-65,共18页
Population Journal
基金
中国博士后科学基金第73批面上项目:观念-环境交互作用对女性生育选择的影响研究(2023M730107)。
关键词
互联网
性别角色观念
家庭分工
性别平等
Internet
Gender Role Attitudes
Household Labor Division
Gender Equality
