摘要
嫦娥探月工程在中国建设航天强国征程中是重要里程碑,是中国航天的第三个里程碑,是国家综合实力的体现。本文通过梳理嫦娥探月工程的实践历程,分析了嫦娥探月工程决策的背景、各阶段建设过程中体现的特点,重点探讨了嫦娥探月工程“三步走”战略的形成背景及各阶段创新之处,对嫦娥探月工程中涉及的工程、技术与管理创新进行了初步探讨。嫦娥探月工程开创的三级组织体系、多主体决策、第三方前置风险评估、科技创新与科学普及协同发展等立足于科技自立自强,为未来重大工程实施提供了参考借鉴。
China's Chang'e Lunar Project is an important milestone in making China stronger in the aerospace sector.This paper combs through the development history of China's Chang'e Lunar Project,analyzes the background of China's Chang'e Lunar Project's decision-making,the characteristics embodied in each stage of the construction process,focuses on the formation process and innovations of China's Chang'e Lunar Project's"three-step"development strategy,and conducts a preliminary discussion on the engineering,technological,and management innovations embodied in the development of China's Chang'e Lunar Project.The"three-step"development strategy is based on complex and diverse factors such as the inherent laws of lunar exploration activities and the development and changes of the international and domestic situation.Different from other satellite projects,China's Chang'e Lunar Project needs to balance cost and risk.During the specific implementation,the project is planned at different levels.For example,the three-step strategy is formulated first.Secondly,specific missions are subdivided and replanned.For instance,the second phase of the lunar exploration project is divided into two missions,Chang'e-2 and Chang'e-3.Chang'e-2 serves as the flagship mission of the second phase of the project,and Chang'e-3 is the primary mission of the second phase.Progress occurs steadily as planned,with each step building upon the results of the previous one,and efforts are made to consistently surpass and deepen the previous step during implementation,thus laying a solid foundation for the next step.A preliminary discussion was conducted on the engineering,technology,and management innovations involved in China's Chang'e Lunar Project.The three-level organizational system,multi-subject decision-making,third-party pre-risk assessment,coordinated development of scientific and technological innovation,and scientific popularization created by China's Chang'e Lunar Project are based on scientific and technological self-reliance and provide a reference for the implementation of future major projects.By reviewing China's Chang'e Lunar Project,we can gain the following insights:First,the strategic high-tech field is based on self-reliance and achieved through science and technology.China's Chang'e Lunar Project has innovated and broken through many key technologies through self-reliance,achieving lunar exploration on its own strength.Second,leveraging the advantages of the nationwide system strongly supports the smooth implementation of China's Chang'e Lunar Project.The project covers a wide range of areas and is large-scale.It operates under the unified leadership of the central government and involves more than 2000 national military-industrial enterprises,universities,and scientific research institutes.This mobilizes market vitality and attracts the participation of advantageous private enterprises.Third,complexity,integrity,systematic integration,and innovation,as well as complex multidisciplinary high-tech integration,are characteristics of China's Chang'e Lunar Project.Fourth,the lunar exploration project aims for overall optimization,completing the project with the concept of pursuing economical,reliable,safe,effective,and mature technology,focusing on basic innovation and the application of multidisciplinary knowledge,and optimizing tasks in stages with multiple objectives.Employing a bottom-line approach to deal with high risks involves evaluating various potential risks,formulating plans and backup plans,and making every effort to ensure mission success.Choosing mature technologies helps reduce risk investment and shorten the cycle.Fifth,the formulation of development strategies suitable for national conditions is particularly important for major projects.Sixth,multi-subject decision-making in major project demonstrations can achieve optimal benefits.The aerospace department,financial department,technical department,evaluation team,and leadership group make decisions from multiple perspectives,report for approval,and initiate project development.The entire process involves different decision-making layers and different levels of optimized design,thus forming a multi-subject argument.
作者
王晶金
李成智
Wang Jingjin;Li Chengzhi(Institute for Advanced Study of Humanities and Social Sciences,Beihang University,Beijing 100191,China;Hangzhou Innovation Institute,Beihang University,Hangzhou 310000,China)
基金
国家社会科学基金项目“新中国70年航天事业独立创新模式及现代意义研究”(19BDJ064)
中国科学院自然科学史研究所“十四五”重大项目“中外科技创新史比较研究——科技自立自强之路”。
关键词
嫦娥探月工程
工程创新
航天史
Chang'e Lunar Project
engineering innovation
aerospace history
