摘要
科学在清末民初的中国成为启蒙之利器,知识人大胆地挪用19世纪科学话语来阐释人文问题,在如何理解“人”的问题上可分出“人是物质”与“人是动物”两条基本路径。这一热潮固然挑战了传统的天理-人欲观念,但也抹消了人之为人的独特性,同时取消了人文领域的独立性而使之成为科学领域的一个分支。鲁迅早期的五篇论文《人之历史》《科学史教篇》《文化偏至论》《摩罗诗力说》《破恶声论》均和科学话语与人文话语的关系问题有着或隐或显的关联,应被视为一个环环相扣的整体。正是在反思清末民初中国人对于19世纪科学话语接受态度的过程中,鲁迅开始构想一种理想的“二十世纪文明”并提供了三条路径:重视文明早期尚未经受压抑的“初民”活力;在精神进化而非优胜劣汰的层面促使民众进至“超人”;重视19世纪科学中作为科学精神而非科学知识存在的“悬拟”。
During the late Qing Dynasty and early Republic of China,science emerged as a potent tool for enlightenment,with intellectuals leveraging 19th⁃century scientific discourse to address humanistic issues.Two fundamental perspectives on understanding“human beings”emerged:viewing humans as substances and viewing humans as animals.These perspectives challenged traditional concepts of heavenly reason and human desires but also diminished the uniqueness of human beings,subsuming the humanities into a branch of the scientific field.Lu Xun’s five early essays,namely The History of Man(《人之历史》),Lessons From the History of Science(《科学史教篇》),On Imbalanced Cultural Development(《文化偏至论》),On the Power of Mara Poetry(《摩罗诗力说》)and Toward a Refutation of the Voices of Evil(《破恶声论》),implicitly or explicitly,engage with the relationship between scientific and humanistic discourse,forming a cohesive body of work.Through reflecting on the Chinese adoption of 19th⁃century scientific discourse,Lu Xun began envisioning an ideal“20th⁃century civilization.”He proposed three approaches:valuing the vitality of the“primitive man,”encouraging spiritual evolution towards becoming the“overman”(Übermensch),and appreciating the imaginative capacity inherent in the 19th⁃century scientific spirit.
作者
罗雅琳
LUO Yalin(Institute of Literature,Chinese Academy of Social Sciences,Beijing 100732,China)
出处
《河北师范大学学报（哲学社会科学版）》
2024年第4期26-34,共9页
Journal of Hebei Normal University(Philosophy and Social Sciences)
基金
国家社会科学基金重大项目“20世纪中国文学学术话语体系的形成、建构与反思研究”(项目编号:20&ZD280)。
关键词
科学话语
人文话语
启蒙话语
鲁迅
scientific discourse
humanistic discourse
enlightenment discourse
Lu Xun
