摘要
华南至东南亚沿海地区新石器时期稻作农业的出现并成为主要经济形态显著滞后于长江下游.然而,对于制约华南沿海早期农业扩张的原因存在争议,而且一直以来缺少将考古证据与海岸带沉积与地貌演变的自然过程进行对比.本研究利用全新世孢粉记录集成,结合沿海地区钻孔古环境数据集,探讨了华南至东南亚地区沿海平原的全新世沉积过程与时空演变特征,并对沉积孢粉记录进行了集成.研究区的时空对比表明,以丘陵海岸为主的华南沿海地区在中全新世因海平面上升和海侵作用,海岸线深入陆地丘陵边缘.从6~5 ka BP之后,沉积体系开始从海相为主过渡到陆相的沉积环境,但该时期的海岸带平原土地仍较狭窄,有限的可耕种土地限制了稻作农业的发展空间.虽然在一些南方的考古遗址中发现了5~4 ka BP的水稻相关遗存,但总体揭示的经济形态仍停留在采集、渔猎为主的范畴.三角洲的演变从4 ka BP开始,进入陆地扩张和湿地面积显著增加的阶段,大部分河口湿地和沿海陆地平原逐渐形成一定的规模.尤其在2.5 ka BP之后,三角洲进积作用使平原面积加速扩大,其快速变化与花粉记录指示的稻作农业发展阶段呈现高度的耦合.特别是秦汉前后大规模的农业人口南迁,新的移民带来了先进的集约化水稻种植农业技术,进一步促进了该地区水稻农业的快速发展,并加大了刀耕火种对森林的破坏和引发严重的水土流失.此外,从沿海平原到丘陵山地的早期农业发展也存在滞后现象.本研究揭示了华南和东南亚沿海地区海岸带平原的形成阶段与农业发展过程是基本同步的,印证了人类文明发展与自然环境变化相互制约与依存的人-地关系.
Evidence for Neolithic era rice farming shows that this development occurred significantly later along the coastal zone of South China and Southeast Asia(SC-SEA)than in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River.However,the mechanisms that constrained early agricultural expansion along the coastal regions are controversial,and there has been a lack of research to correlate archaeological evidence with studies on the comparison between natural processes of deltaic deposition and coastal geomorphic evolution.This study first examines pollen data representing local land cover and agriculture in southern China,based on a pollen record covering recent decades from a lake with a small watershed area.The results,associated with the pollen database of China,show that the Holocene pollen records in the coastal plain of South China can accurately capture the signal of past vegetation cover and human activities,especially the Poaceae pollen records are of great value to evaluate the rice-farming history.Secondly,in order to explore the relationship between coastal geomorphic change and prehistoric agricultural development,we integrated 23 pollen records and established a dataset of boreholes containing information for Holocene sedimentary facies and fossil indicators in the coastal areas of SC-SEA.The results show that the coastline in our study area was characteristically mountainous during the Middle Holocene,when sea level rose to its high stand and the marine transgression extended deep into the hilly landscape,resulting in a lack of coastal plain formations suitable for rice farming.After 6-5 ka BP,the sedimentary environment began to transition from marine to terrestrial facies,but the limited amount of arable land in coastal areas constrained the development of rice cultivation.Although some archaeological sites have revealed rice remains dating to around 5-4 ka BP,the broader Neolithic record shows that fishing,hunting and gathering strategies were still the dominant component of economic systems.Deltas in the study area began to expand after 4 ka BP,providing larger coastal plains and wetland areas.After about 2.5 ka BP in particular,rapid growth of the deltaic plains was highly coupled with rapid increases in Poaceae pollen,indicating the large-scale development of rice farming agriculture.In other word,despite the introduction of rice by migrating Neolithic farmers as early as 5-4 ka,the expansion of paddy rice farming in SC-SEA was highly constrained by physiographic factors.Thus,rice agriculture remained a small component of subsistence strategies prior to about 2500 years ago,and intensive rice farming took hold rapidly following the exposure of deltaic plains.Migrations of agricultural population to the south during the Qin and Han dynasties introduced advanced technology for intensive rice farming,which further promoted the development of local agriculture.Accompanying increases in shifting cultivation caused extensive burning,deforestation and soil erosion.Besides,according to the comparison of pollen records at different altitudes,it was found that the age of the early human impact on natural vegetation and development of rice farming in the low altitude plain were earlier than those in the mountains.The disturbance of forest by human activities occurred during 3-2 ka.Whereas,in the mountainous areas higher than 1000 m,significant ecological disturbance and deforestation occurred much later,generally after the Tang or Song Dynasties.This study reveals that the geomorphic evolution of coastal plains in SC-SEA was basically synchronized with the history of agricultural development,highlighting the dynamic relationship between humans and the environment.
作者
郑卓
马婷
汤永杰
Barry V.Rolett
宗永强
黄康有
万秋池
陈聪
张潇
陈碧珊
张绍轩
Zhuo Zheng;Ting Ma;Yongjie Tang;Barry V.Rolett;Yongqiang Zong;Kangyou Huang;Qiuchi Wan;Cong Chen;Xiao Zhang;Bishan Chen;Shaoxuan Zhang(School of Earth Sciences and Engineering,Sun Yat-sen University,Zhuhai 519080,China;Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory(Zhuhai),Zhuhai 519080,China;Zhuhai Branch of State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology,Beijing Normal University,Zhuhai 519087,China;Department of Anthropology,University of Hawai'i at Manoa,Hawaii 96822,USA;Department of Earth Sciences,University of Hong Kong,Hong Kong 999077,China;School of Geographical Sciences,Lingnan Normal University,Zhanjiang 524048,China)
出处
《科学通报》
EI
CAS
CSCD
北大核心
2024年第18期2553-2567,共15页
Chinese Science Bulletin
基金
国家自然科学基金(42072205,41630753)
国家重点研发计划(2022YFF0801501,2016YFA0600500)资助。
关键词
全新世
新石器时代
孢粉分析
海岸线演变
史前农业
华南-东南亚
Holocene
Neolithic era
pollen analysis
coastal evolution
prehistory rice-farming
South China-Southease Asia
