摘要
叶面追肥是现代农业作物丰产栽培常用田管技术。为探明叶面施氮次数与浓度对花生氮素吸收积累、运转分配及利用率影响,揭示叶面追氮对植株不同器官建成和功能维持的营养机制,试验设5个处理:T0为对照;T1尿素浓度1%,收获前35d追施1次;T2尿素浓度3%,追施时间同T1;T3尿素浓度1%,收获前50 d、35 d和20 d追施3次;T4尿素浓度3%,追施时间同T3。氮肥用^(15)N标记尿素和普通尿素。结果表明:(1)叶面施氮植株氮含量提高0~0.22个百分点,且有T4>T3>T2>T1,其中营养体(根、茎、叶)增幅较大,比对照提高0.17~0.45个百分点,生殖体含量(果针、果壳、籽仁)增幅较少;施氮处理植株氮积累量提高平均19.8%,其中营养体平均增42.1%,生殖体平均增长12.7%。(2)叶面追施的氮在不同器官的分配比例存在较大差异,籽仁>叶>茎>果壳>果针>根,其中籽仁、叶各约占60%和30%,其余器官比例较少;追施时间对氮素分配有一定影响,收获前35 d追施更有利向生殖体分配,比收获前50 d和20 d两处理平均高7.9个百分点。(3)植株氮素效率随叶面施氮数量的增加而降低;施氮次数少或氮肥浓度低肥料利用率高,1次追施氮肥利用率平均70.6%,比3次追施平均高37.7个百分点;不同追施时间比较,收获前35 d追施氮肥利用率最高,较收获前50 d和20 d两处理的平均值分别高1.8和3.9个百分点。综上,叶面施氮可显著提高植株氮代谢水平,促进氮素吸收、积累,营养体尤为明显,是花生生育后期“护根保叶”生理机制和根系氮源难以取代的技术措施;叶面追施的氮主要分配在荚果和叶片中,是花生提高产量和叶片光合作用的生理机制;叶面追氮肥料利用率明显高于根系施肥,是花生经济施肥的有效途径;植株氮效率随叶面施氮数量的增加而降低,追施次数少或氮肥浓度低肥料利用率高。本研究可为花生叶面施肥提供理论依据和技术支撑。
Foliar topdressing is a common field management technique for crop high-yield cultivation in modern agriculture.In order to investigate the effects of times and concentration of leaf nitrogen application on nitrogen uptake,accumulation,distribution and utilization of plant,and reveal the nutritional mechanism of foliar topdressing nitrogen on the establishment and function maintenance of different organs in peanut.the experiment was conducted with 5 treatments:T0 was the control;T1 urea concentration was 1%,with one-time topdressing of 35 days before harvesting;T2 urea concentration was 3%,with the same topdressing time as T1;T3 urea concentration was 1%,with three-time topdressing of 50d,35d and 20d before harvest;T4 urea concentration was 3%,with the same topdressing time as T3.The^(15)N-labeled urea and common urea were used in this experiment.The dry matter mass,nitrogen content,nitrogen accumulation amount and^(15)N abundance of each plant organ were determined after harvesting.The results showed that:(1)The nitrogen content of foliar nitrogen application increased by 0-0.22 percentage points,and T4>T3>T2>T1,in which the content of nutrients(roots,stems,leaves)increased by 0.17-0.45 percentage points compared with the control,while the content of reproductive bodies(fruit needles,fruit shells,seeds)increased less.The nitrogen accumulation of plants increased by an average of 19.8%under nitrogen application treatment,with an average increase of 42.1%in nutrient bodies and 12.7%in reproductive bodies.(2)The distribution ratio of nitrogen through foliar application in different organs were quite different,with an order of kernel>leaf>stem>shell>needle>root,among which kernel and leaf accounted for about 60%and 30%,respectively.The proportion of other organs was less.Topdressing time had a certain effect on nitrogen distribution.Application 35d before harvest was more favorable for the distribution of reproductive bodies,which was 7.9%on average higher than that of 50d and 20d before harvest.(3)The plant nitrogen efficiency decreased with the increase of the amount of foliar nitrogen application.Fewer nitrogen application times or low nitrogen fertilizer concentration had high fertilizer utilization rate.The average nitrogen fertilizer utilization rate with one time topdressing was 70.6%,which was 37.7 percentage points higher than that of three time topdressing,and was the highest in treatment of application 35d before harvest,which was 1.8 and 3.9 percentage points higher than that in treatments of application 50d and 20d before harvest,respectively.In conclusion,leaf nitrogen source can significantly improve the level of plant nitrogen metabolism,promote nitrogen absorption and accumulation,especially in nutritive bodies,which is the physiological mechanism of"root and leaf protection"and the technical measure that root nitrogen source is difficult to replace in late growth stage of peanut.Nitrogen from leaf topdressing was mainly distributed in pod and leaves,which was the physiological mechanism of peanut to increase yield and leaf photosynthesis.The utilization rate of leaf nitrogen fertilizer was significantly higher than that of root fertilizer,which was an effective way of economic fertilization for peanut.The plant N efficiency decreased with the increase of leaf N application amount,and the fertilizer utilization rate was higher with less application times or lower nitrogen concentration.This study could provide theoretical basis and technical support for peanut foliar fertilization.
作者
王春晓
郑永美
矫岩林
陈静
李文金
赵玉成
华伟
解晓梅
孙学武
于天一
沈浦
吴正锋
王才斌
WANG Chun-xiao;ZHENG Yong-mei;JIAO Yan-lin;CHEN Jing;LI Wen-jin;ZHAO Yu-cheng;HUA Wei;XIE Xiao-mei;SUN Xue-wu;YU Tian-yi;SHEN Pu;WU Zheng-feng;WANG Cai-bin(Yantai Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Yantai 265500,China;Shandong Peanut Research Institute,Qingdao 266100,China;Taian Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Taian 271000,China;Henan Agricultural Technology Extension Station,Zhengzhou 450000,China;Qingdao Wannongda Peanut Machinery Co.,LTD.,Qingdao 266621,China;Shikefeng Chemical Co.,LTD.,Linyi 276005,China)
出处
《中国油料作物学报》
CAS
CSCD
北大核心
2024年第4期881-888,共8页
Chinese Journal of Oil Crop Sciences
基金
国家花生产业技术体系(CARS-13)
山东省良种工程项目(2020LZGC001)
烟台市科技计划项目(2021YT06000317)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(31801309)。
关键词
花生
叶面施肥
氮素
积累与分配
氮肥利用率
peanut
foliar application
nitrogen
accumulation and distribution
nitrogen utilization rate
