摘要
刑法学中围绕主体问题的争议主要表现在概念、体系和机能三个不同层面,其中机能问题是争议的焦点。在犯罪论体系中,主体概念需要发挥作为犯罪行为的逻辑起点、犯罪认定的法律标准和刑事责任承担者的机能。行为主体概念主要发挥作为犯罪行为逻辑起点的机能,犯罪主体要件概念主要发挥作为犯罪认定法律评价标准的机能,而犯罪主体概念则主要发挥刑事责任承担者的机能。不同的机能期待导致主体概念在犯罪论中不同的体系定位,不同的体系定位又会相应产生不同的体系效果。在三阶层体系中,行为主体概念作为犯罪行为的逻辑起点需要与作为责任要素的刑事责任能力分属不同的犯罪评价阶层;在四要件体系中,犯罪主体要件作为犯罪认定的法律标准就需要包含刑法所规定的刑事责任能力等内容并与其它犯罪构成要件相互依存;犯罪主体作为刑事责任的承担者,无论是在三阶层还是四要件体系中都是犯罪评价的结果。因此,不同的主体概念实质是不同学者研究主体问题的不同逻辑起点和理论预设,作为一种纯粹的解释选择问题,不同主体概念之间并无优劣高低之别、是非对错之分。
The controversy surrounding the subject in criminal law is manifested at three different levels:concept,system,and function,with function being the focus of the controversy.In the criminal theory system,the concept of subject needs to play its role as the logical starting point of criminal behavior,the legal standard for criminal identification,and the person responsible for criminal responsibility.The concept of subject of conduct mainly realizes the function of serving as the logical location of criminal behavior,the concept of elements of criminal subject mainly realizes the function of serving as the legal evaluation standard for criminal identification,and the concept of subject of crime mainly realizes the function of criminal responsibility bearers.Different functional expectations lead to different system orientations of the subject concept,and different system orientations will produce different system effects.In the threelevel system,the logical starting point of criminal behavior as the subject of behavior needs to belong to a different class from the criminal responsibility ability as the element of responsibility;In the four element system,the criminal subject element,as the legal standard for determining a crime,needs to include the criminal liability capacity stipulated in the criminal law and be connected to other constituent elements of the crime;As the bearers of criminal responsibility,the criminal subject is the result of the evaluation of criminal behavior,whether in the three-level or four element system.Therefore,different concepts of subject are essentially different theoretical starting points for different scholars to study subject issues.As pure explanatory choices,there is no distinction between them in terms of quality or right or wrong.
出处
《法学》
CSSCI
北大核心
2024年第8期87-99,共13页
Law Science
基金
国家社会科学基金一般项目“司法适用中的犯罪构成问题研究”(项目编号:23BFX128)的阶段性研究成果。
关键词
犯罪论
主体概念
机能期待
体系效应
theory of crime
subject concept
functional expectations
system effect
