摘要
One of the major management problems in and around protected areas is the intensifying conflict between local people and wildlife,especially large carnivores.Livestock depredation and human fatalities caused by attacks of carnivores are found to be serious obstacles in conflict management.This study aims to explore the patterns,costs,causes and perceptions of human large carnivore conflict in the Nawalpur area of Chitwan National Park.The patterns of livestock loss and human casualties due to large carnivores(Panthera tigris and Panthera pardus)were analysed using the secondary data reported to Chitwan National Park from 2001 to 2019.To understand the people’s perception towards carnivores and wildlife conservation,150 victim respondents were asked,with one household selected from each grid.During 19-year study period,a total of 521 incidents caused by large carnivores were reported,which included 33 human casualties and 488 livestock depredations.Tiger was responsible for the maximum conflict incidents in Nawalpur.The total relief provided for human deaths and injuries was US$17524.41,whereas US$13702.18 was used to compensate for livestock depredation in the Nawalpur area by authorities of the Chitwan National Park.More than 64%of the respondents liked the presence of carnivores in their area and had a positive attitude toward the conservation of large carnivores,even though the carnivores were responsible for livestock depredation and human injury and death.People’s satisfaction with the relief scheme provided by the government depended on ethnicity,gender,age class,occupation,education,insurance,and livestock ownership,but they believed the scheme was not effective.Hence,an effective relief scheme and awareness about the process of relief funding should be conducted in conflict areas.Conducting awareness programs for local communities about large carnivores,their behavior,and preparing predator-proof corrals would be helpful in minimizing conflict in the study area.
人与野生动物尤其是大型食肉动物之间不断加剧的冲突是保护区面临的主要管理问题之一,食肉动物对牲畜的损害和对人类的袭击造成的人员伤亡是管理中面临的严重挑战。本研究旨在探索Chitwan国家公园纳瓦尔普尔地区人类与大型食肉动物冲突的模式、成本、原因和感知。利用2001年−2019年报告给Chitwan国家公园的数据分析了大型食肉动物(虎和豹)对牲畜损失和人员伤亡的方式。为了了解人们对食肉动物和野生动物保护的看法,我们询问了150名受害者,每个格网选择一个家庭代表。在研究的19年期间,共报告了由大型食肉动物引起的521起冲突事件,其中包括33起人员伤亡和488起牲畜损害。虎在纳瓦尔普尔地区造成的冲突事件最多。Chitwan国家公园当局在纳瓦尔普尔地区提供的人员死亡和伤害救济总额为17524.41美元,用于赔偿牲畜损害的总额为13702.18美元。尽管食肉动物对牲畜损害、人员伤害和死亡负有责任,但仍有超过64%的受访者喜欢食肉动物在他们所在地区的存在,并对大型食肉动物保护持积极态度。人们对政府提供的救济计划的满意程度取决于种族、性别、年龄、职业、教育、保险和牲畜所有权,但他们认为该计划并不很有效。因此,应在冲突地区开展有效的救济计划和宣传活动,提高人们对救济资金使用方式的认识。向当地社区开展关于大型食肉动物及其行为的宣传活动,并准备防损围栏,有助于减少研究区域的冲突。
