摘要
公平正义在亚当·斯密的理论体系中占有重要位置。在斯密看来,商业社会之所以比过去更“好”,就在于它大幅提高了普通民众的生活水准。斯密并不主张“自由放任”,从不认为人“只追求自己的私利”就能为全社会带来“最大的好处”。亚当·斯密时代,认为穷人本质上品行不端、好逸恶劳,应使其“保持贫穷”是普遍共识,而斯密不仅对穷人抱有深切的同情,并且开启了现代意义上的“分配正义”理念:穷人因“贫穷”本身就有权得到政府救助,这一观念是革命性的。亚当·斯密还主张通过财政税收制度减少不平等,并提出了税收公平原则;他总体上主张比例税,有时还赞成累进税。财政支出方面,亚当·斯密支持主要面向普通民众的公共教育。
Fairness and justice occupy an important position in Adam Smith's theoretical system.In Smith's view,the reason why commercial society is"better"than the past is that it has greatly improved the living standards of ordinary people.Smith did not advocate"laissez-faire"and never believed that people"only pursuing their own self-interest"could bring"the greatest benefits"to the whole society.In Adam Smith's era,it was a general consensus that the poor should be"maintained poor"due to their perceived inherent bad conduct and indolence.Smith not only had deep sympathy for the poor but also introduced the concept of"distributive justice"in its modern sense:the poor have the right to be relieved by the government solely because of their"poverty."This idea was revolutionary.Adam Smith also advocated for reducing inequality through the fiscal and taxation system and put forward the principle of tax justice;he generally advocated proportional taxes and sometimes favored progressive taxes.In terms of fiscal expenditure,Adam Smith supported public education,which primarily benefits ordinary people.
作者
张琦
Zhang Qi(Institute of Economics,Chinese Academy of Social Sciences,Beijing 100836,China)
出处
《河北经贸大学学报》
CSSCI
北大核心
2024年第5期24-30,共7页
Journal of Hebei University of Economics and Business
关键词
亚当·斯密
公平观
分配正义
累进税
Adam Smith
fairness
distributive justice
progressive tax
