摘要
【目的】三江源区地处青藏高原,是中国母亲河的发源地,也是牦牛等典型牲畜的重要草场。探索适宜的施肥方法和牧草作物混播比例,旨在提高牧草产量,减轻生态重要地区天然草场的放牧压力。【方法】于2022年在三江源地区进行了小黑麦和饲用豌豆的田间试验,试验材料为小黑麦品种‘青饲麦1号’和饲用豌豆品种‘青建1号’。设置3个施肥处理:不施肥(A_(1))、单施氮肥(尿素75 kg/hm^(2),A_(2))、氮磷配合施用(尿素75 kg/hm^(2)和过磷酸钙300 kg/hm^(2),A3);每个施肥处理下,分别设小黑麦和豌豆混合播种比例70∶30(B1)、50∶50(B_(2))和30∶70(B_3)。在豌豆盛花期刈割前,调查小黑麦和饲用豌豆株高、叶片形态指标(面积、周长、长度、宽度),及生物量和营养品质。【结果】与不施肥处理A_(1)相比,施肥处理(A_(2)和A_3)显著提高了牧草的鲜重和干重、蛋白质产量以及两种作物的株高和叶面积。A_(2)和A_3处理在上述指标上没有显著差异,但A_3处理叶宽的增幅显著高于A_(2)。A_(2)和A_3处理对两种牧草粗蛋白、可溶性糖、中性和酸性洗涤纤维含量均无显著影响,但A_(2)处理增加了粗脂肪含量。小黑麦和饲用豌豆的播种比例对两种作物的鲜重、干重、蛋白质产量和株高没有显著影响,但降低小黑麦播种比例增加了饲草粗脂肪和可溶性糖含量,显著降低了中性与酸性洗涤纤维含量。播种比例与施肥有显著的交互作用,A_3B_(1)的牧草鲜重和干重最高,分别比其他处理高36.09%~180.08%和62.27%~281.59%,叶面积和蛋白质、可溶性糖含量也最高。A_3B_(1)处理的小黑麦叶片周长比A_(1)B_(1)、A_(1)B_(2)和A1B3处理分别高15.76%、40.29%和54.51%,饲用豌豆叶面积比A1B1、A1B2和A1B3处理分别提高20.31%、14.06%和64.65%,饲草中性洗涤纤维含量分别比A1B1、A1B2和A1B3处理增加了7.15%、27.14%和17.89%。【结论】氮磷配施可显著提高牧草生产性能、叶片形态和牧草质量。小黑麦和饲用豌豆按70∶30的比例混合播种,牧草生产性能、叶片形态和质量均优于其他处理。因此,在高寒地区,建议推广小黑麦和饲用豌豆按70∶30的比例混合播种,并配施氮、磷肥。
【Objectives】Sanjiangyuan region is located in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau,where is the birthplace of mother river of China,and also is the vital grassland for yaks and other typical livestock.Approaching exploring the suitable fertilization methods and mixed sowing ratio of forage crops was aiming to increase the forage yield,and reduce grazing pressure on natural grassland in the ecologically important area.【Methods】A field experiment with split design was carried out on Sanjiangyuan area in 2022,the rye(Triticale)cultivar‘Qingsimai 1#’and forage pea(Pisum sativa L.)cultivar‘qingjian 1#’were used as test materials.Three fertilization methods were setup,as:no fertilization(A1),application of urea 75 kg/hm^(2)(A2),combined application of urea 75kg/hm^(2) and Ca(H2PO4)2300 kg/hm^(2)(A3).Under each fertilization treatment,rye and forage pea were respectively mixed sown in ratio of 70∶30(B1),50∶50(B2),and 30∶70(B3).The plant height,and leaf morphological indicators(area,length,width,perennial length)of rye and forage pea were measured before cutting at full blooming stage of forage pea,and the forage grass was weighed and the nutrition quality was determined.【Results】Compared with A1,fertilization(A2 and A3)significantly increased the fresh and dry weights,the protein yield of forage grass,and the plant heights and leaf areas of both crops.A2 and A3 did not exhibit significant differences in above indexes,but A3 increased more than A2 did in leaf width of two crops(P<0.05).A2 and A3 treatments had similar crud protein,soluble sugar,neutral and acid detergent fiber content,but A2 treatment increased gross fat content.The seeding ratios of rye and forage peas did not significantly affect the fresh and dry weights,protein yields and plant heights of the two crops,however,the decreased rye ratio led to a gradual increase in crude fat and soluble sugar content but a significant decrease in neutral versus acidic detergent fibre content of forage grass.Seeding ratio and fertilization showed significant interactions,A3B1 exhibited the highest fresh and dry weight of forage,which were 36.09%-180.08%and 62.27%-281.59%higher than the other treatments,and the highest leaf area and protein,soluble sugar content.Compared with A1B1,A1B2,and A1B3,A3B1 increased leaf perimeter of rye by 15.76%,40.29%,and 54.51%,leaf area of forage pea by 20.31%,14.06%,and 64.65%,and neutral detergent fibre content of forage grass by 7.15%,27.14%,17.89%,respectively.【Conclusions】Fertilization,especially nitrogen and phosphorous combined application,could significantly improve forage production performance,leaf morphology and forage quality.And rye and forage peas show the best forage production performance,leaf morphology and quality under mixed seeding ratio ratio of 70∶30.Therefore,this mixing ratio under nitrogen and phosphorus combined fertilization is recommended as suitable cultivation technology in Sanjiangyuan area.
作者
冯廷旭
林伟山
向雪梅
李菲
张琳
魏希杰
德科加
FENG Ting-xu;LIN Wei-shan;XIANG Xue-mei;LI Fei;ZHANG Lin;WEI Xi-jie;DE Ke-jia(Qinghai University,Xining,Qinghai 810016,China;Qinghai Academy of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science,Xining,Qinghai 810016,China)
出处
《植物营养与肥料学报》
CAS
CSCD
北大核心
2024年第8期1539-1553,共15页
Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers
基金
国家重点研发计划课题项目(2022YFD1602302)
青海省科技厅项目(K9922050)。
关键词
三江源地区
禾豆混播比例
氮磷配施
叶片形态
饲草产量
饲草品质
Sanjiangyuan area
mixed seeding ratio of rye and forage pea
NP combined application
leaf morphology
forage yield
forage quality
