摘要
伴随人工智能技术的广泛应用,我国就业格局发生深刻变化,人工智能如何影响劳动者权益成为当前讨论的重要议题之一。文章采用中国劳动力动态调查(CLDS)数据,运用多层线性回归模型(HLM)检验人工智能对劳动者权益的影响效应和作用机制。研究表明:(1)人工智能应用显著改善劳动者权益,且人工智能通过增加工资收入以及改善社会保险促进劳动者权益的提升,经过稳健性和内生性检验后结论依然成立。(2)个体异质性分析显示,人工智能对女性、45岁及以下、高技能和低技能劳动者权益的改善作用更显著。企业异质性分析表明,人工智能对劳动者权益的改善效应在国有或集体企业和有工会的企业中更为显著。行业层面分析显示,高端技术制造业和生产性服务业的劳动者能与人工智能达成“人机互补”,获取更大程度的劳动者权益增益。(3)人工智能通过任务分配与技能适配机制影响劳动者权益。一是人工智能应用下劳动者拥有更多机会执行非常规工作任务,通过“人机协同”实现劳动者权益的提升;二是人工智能致使新岗位创造与劳动者技能升级共同作用,提高了技术技能适配度,进而改善劳动者权益。因此,在推广人工智能的过程中,有必要把握人工智能的任务偏向性与技能偏向性特征,为劳动者提供更多有针对性的技能训练,提高劳动者技能与人工智能技术适配度,使劳动者持续从技术升级中获益。
With the broad rise of artificial intelligence(AI)technology,the employment pattern in China has undergone profound changes,and how AI affects labor rights and interests has become one of the important issues at present.Using data from the 2018 China Labor Dynamics Survey(CLDS),this paper empirically examines the impact of AI on labor rights and interests.The research shows that:(1)the application of AI significantly improves labor rights and interests,and AI promotes the rights and interests through increasing wage and improving social insurance.The conclusion remains valid after robustness and endogeneity tests.(2)The analysis of individual heterogeneity shows that AI has more significant effect on improving the rights and interests of women,workers aged 45 and below,and the high-skilled and low-skilled.The analysis of enterprise heterogeneity shows that the improvement effect of AI on labor rights and interests is more significant in state-owned or collective enterprises and unionized enterprises.Industry heterogeneity reveals that workers in high-tech manufacturing and producer services enterprises can complement AI and obtain greater gains in labor rights and interests.(3)AI influences workers'rights and interests through task allocation and skill matching mechanisms,because that the application of AI provides workers with more opportunities to perform non-routine tasks,leading to an enhancement of workers'rights and interests through human-machine collaboration and that AI results in the combined effect of creating new job opportunities and upgrading workers'skills,which improves the adaptability of technologies and skills,and consequently ameliorating workers'rights and interests.Therefore,in the process of promoting AI,it is essential to make the use of the task-oriented and skilloriented characteristics of AI by Providing workers with more targeted skill training,enhancing the alignment of workers'skills with AI technologies in order to ensure the workers’continuous benefit from technological advancements.
作者
明娟
魏晓婷
胡嘉琪
MIGN Juan;WEI Xiao-ting;HU Jia-qi(School of Economics,Guangdong University of Technology,Guangzhou 5105201;Key Laboratory of Digital Economy and Data Governance,Guangdong University of Technology,Guangzhou 5105201;Guangdong South China Grain Trading Center Co.,Ltd.Guangzhou 510620)
出处
《南方人口》
CSSCI
2024年第5期40-54,共15页
South China Population
基金
国家社会科学基金重点项目“促进更充分更高质量就业问题研究”(20AZD071)
广东省哲学社会科学规划项目2022年一般项目“人工智能对广东企业用工需求的影响与就业保障机制研究”(GD22CYJ23)
广州市哲学社科规划2023年度课题“广州构建高质量就业体制机制研究”(2023GZYB86)
广州市哲学社科规划2023年度课题“人工智能发展对广州劳动力就业极化的影响及就业保障缓冲机制研究”(2023GZGJ12)。
关键词
人工智能
劳动者权益
任务分配
技能适配
Artificial Intelligence
Labor Rights and Interests
Task Allocation
Skill Match
