摘要
美国一直被认为是"自由海洋"的坚定支持者。但事实上,大致以两次世界大战为界,美国在前后两个阶段支持的"自由海洋"并不完全相同。前一阶段的"自由海洋"政策主要追求的是贸易航道的开放,因为早期美国的关注点主要在维护其自身的对外贸易顺畅运转。后一阶段的"自由海洋"政策除了主张贸易航道的开放,它还要求海上力量投送渠道保持通畅,因为战后美国的关注主要在于整个世界经济体系的正常运转,并以此维护美国的霸权地位。因此,战后美国需要应对的威胁除了海盗和战争之外,还有沿海国家扩大临近海域管辖权的企图。在美国看来,如果这种意图得以实现,其干涉各地区事务,进而实现上述目标的能力将会大受限制。因此可以说,虽然美国在前后两个阶段都支持"自由海洋",但无论是其具体内涵和内在动能,还是其外在威胁及应对手段,两个阶段的"自由海洋"政策事实上极为不同。
The United States has always been seen as a staunch supporter of'freedom of the seas.'As a matter of fact,however,the concepts of'freedom of the seas'that the United States supports in the two periods roughly before and after the two world wars are not exactly the same.The policy for'freedom of the seas'in the former period mainly pursued the opening of the trade routes,because the early US focus was mainly on maintaining the smooth operation of its own foreign trade.In addition to advocating the opening of the trade routes,the policy of'freedom of the seas'in the latter period also requires projection lanes of its maritime power to remain open,because the U.S.in the post-war era concerns mainly the normal operation of the entire world economic system,and thus maintaining the status of American hegemony.Therefore,in addition to pirates and wars,the threats that the United States needs to deal with after World War II include the attempts by coastal states to expand their jurisdictions over the sea.In the United States’view,if this kind of intention is realized,its ability to interfere with regional affairs and therefore achieve the above goals will be greatly limited.Therefore,it can be said that although the United States supports'freedom of the seas'in both periods,the policies for'freedom of the seas'in the two periods are in fact very different,in terms of both the specific connotation and internal dynamic and the external threats and countermeasures.
作者
朱剑
Zhu Jian(the Institute of Political Science,East China University of Political Science and Law)
出处
《国际关系研究》
CSSCI
2019年第2期46-65,156-157,共21页
Journal of International Relations
关键词
自由海洋
航行自由
海盗
战争
过度海洋主张
freedom of the seas
freedom of navigation
pirate
war
excessive maritime claims
