摘要
作为新型孵化器,众创空间创业模式和发展路径受到社会网络的显著影响,并与一般孵化器的形成机理和运作模式存在较大差异。本文从众创空间的行动导向出发,将社会网络解析为资本网络、市场网络、技术网络、专业服务网络、媒体网络和制度网络等六个方面,在此基础上研究影响众创空间创新创业模式差异化的关键社会网络因素。研究发现,行动导向下的多元网络协同治理决定了众创空间的创业模式,不同类型的社会网络对众创空间创新创业模式有着差异化的影响。其中,资本网络、市场网络、技术网络和专业服务网络对创业模式选择起决定性作用,创业初期媒体网络对创业模式表现出较强的正向影响,制度网络极大促进了众创空间的发展,但对众创空间的创业模式没有直接显著影响。
As new type of incubators,the Maker Space performs not only as the emerging entrepreneurial service institution and community,but also as the emerging economic pattern and business model.The entrepreneurial model and developing trajectory of Maker Space are greatly influenced by the social network,which is greatly different with the mechanism and operating model of the normal incubators.This paper attempts to conduct exploratory research on the choice of innovation and entrepreneurship mode of Maker Space under the influence of different types of social networks.There are three standards we introduced to identify the proper cases.First,the cases should belong to the Maker Space,which should have high industrial identity and social influence.Secondly,the cases should have complete social network,with relatively mature capital network,market network,technology network,professional service network,media network and institutional network.Thirdly,the cases should meets the standards of GEM on new ventures,which lasted for more than 42 months with profitable business model and stable development.To do comparing research,we select two cases,one is 3 W Coffee,the other is Garage Coffee.We conducted a three-year participatory observation and diversified survey of the two cases,by means of participating in the founder’s keynote speech,conducting in-depth interviews with case founders and managers,collecting relevant media news interviews,and occasionally participating in case studies.We also use information of relevant activities,information on We Chat public,and other methods to organize the data.To do the research,we formed a basic database of about 200,000 words,and we use the mutual verification of different data to ensure the authenticity and consistency of the data.The main content of interviews and research are:(1)the composition and experience of the entrepreneurial team;(2)the source of the founding capital and early funds;(3)professional technology,professional services and sources;(4)the establishment of entrepreneurs gathering places;(5)organizational structure design and organization operation;and(6)coordination and interaction with the government.The paper categorized the social network into six aspects,including the capital network,the market network,the technical network,the professional service network,the media network,and the system network.Based on the social network,this paper analyzed the critical factors that influenced the business model and found out four results.First of all,the collaborative governance of multi-dimensional network under strategic action-orientation shaped the business model of maker space;and different kinds of social network have different influence on the business model of maker space.Secondly,the capital network,market network,technology network and professional service network play a decisive role in the choice of entrepreneurial mode.Thirdly,the media network showed a strong positive impact on the entrepreneurial mode at the beginning of the enterprising stage.Last but not least,the institutional network has greatly promoted the development of the maker space,but has no direct and significant impact on the entrepreneurial mode.The current academic research on entrepreneurial model focuses on the ordinary enterprises.There is seldom research on new incubators like Maker Space.This paper is to some extent a complement and supplement to the current theoretical research of entrepreneurship.The results of this paper provide four clues.First of all,we need to build up an innovation friendly environment.The results show that,the institutional network has greatly promoted the development of the space of mass creation.Therefore,we should simplify the administration under the action orientation and characteristics of the Maker Space,improve the policy system including the innovation and entrepreneurship tax incentives,rent concessions,entrepreneurial investment and financing.We should improve the mechanism of equity incentives and profit distribution,effectively increase the policies implementation,truly reduce the cost of innovation and entrepreneurship,and protect the legitimate rights and interests of innovative entrepreneurs.Secondly,we should establish a culture that encourages innovation and encourages entrepreneurship;encourages social forces to carry out various public welfare activities around mass entrepreneurship and innovation;advocates innovation culture which dares to be first and tolerantly fail through the publicity of the official media;establishes value orientation that advocates innovation,entrepreneurship and wealth,and cultivates vigorously entrepreneurship and maker culture.Thirdly,the system of innovation and entrepreneurship is established and improved to support the construction of public service platforms and service organizations for SMEs by means of government purchase services and post-subsidies,encourage various social organizations to provide Intermediary services for start-ups,such as entrepreneurial counseling,intellectual property,legal,inspection and testing,consulting,investment and financing services,and encourage enterprises to establish professional service platforms with wide coverage,high quality and low cost through PPP and other methods.Last but not least,the innovative development of Maker Space is supported to promote the advanced experience of various new incubators,and guide the differentiation development and characteristic development of Maker Spaces by means of incentives,tax exemptions,rent concessions,investment and financing subsidies,etc.
作者
冯海红
曲婉
Feng Haihong;Qu Wan(Institutes of Science and Development,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100190,China;Center for Innovation-Driven Development,National Development and Reform Commission,Beijing 100037,China)
出处
《科研管理》
CSSCI
CSCD
北大核心
2019年第4期168-178,共11页
Science Research Management
基金
国家自然科学基金青年基金项目:"区域嵌入与互联网创业能力的动态耦合机理及实证研究"(71503244
2016.01-2018.12)
中国科学院科技战略咨询研究院院长青年基金A类项目:"创新创业政策对创业行为的作用效果研究"(Y8X1021Q01
2018.04-2020.03)
关键词
众创空间
创新创业
社会网络
创业咖啡馆
maker space
innovative entrepreneurship
social network
entrepreneurial café
