摘要
氢是一种洁净的二次能源载体,氢燃料电池具有能量转化率高、噪音低以及零排放等优点。氢气是连接可再生能源与传统化石能源的桥梁,通过氢能与燃料电池,可以实现未来洁净能源利用变革的愿景。世界主要发达国家都非常重视氢能的发展。目前,氢能和燃料电池已在部分领域中初步实现商业化。氢能燃料电池和燃料电池车的研究和商业化发展在日本、美国和欧洲较为迅速,他们不断在氢气生产、氢气储存和氢气利用方面进行创新。在氢能和燃料电池方面,中国紧跟世界发达国家的脚步,然而国内氢能和燃料电池产业链的不完善导致电池成本较高。因此,要加强关键材料研究,实现核心材料和部件的工业化和本土化,建立生产线,尽快完成产业链。中国已经在氢能和燃料电池产业链中部署了整车、系统和电堆,但燃料电池零部件的相关公司仍然很少,尤其是基本关键材料和部件,如质子交换膜、碳纸、催化剂、空气压缩机、氢气循环泵等。虽然国内公司已经开始涉及,但与国际先进产品相比,在可靠性和耐用性方面仍然存在很大差距,大多数关键组件仍然依赖进口。此外,氢气生产和运输的高成本、加氢站等基础设施的不完善,以及技术标准、检测体系的不健全,都限制了燃料电池车的发展。我国燃料电池汽车发展路径要通过商用车带动加氢站建设,降低氢气与燃料电池成本;发展氢燃料电池汽车产业集群,促进全产业链发展。在保障措施与政策需求方面,需要加强顶层设计,全面规划氢能燃料电池发展途径;加强研发投入,确保核心技术自主可控;统筹产业布局,引导产业链协调发展;加强标准制定,支撑技术进步与产业发展。文章分析了国内外氢能产业链结构以及氢燃料电池的发展现状,从产业化和技术两方面分析了国内氢能与燃料电池的发展现状及问题,并结合技术与产业特点提出了发展氢能与燃料电池的对策建议,对我国氢能与燃料电池的发展作出了展望。
Hydrogen is a clean secondary energy carrier,and hydrogen fuel cells(FC)have the advantages of high fuel energy conversion rate,low noise,and zero emission.Hydrogen is also a bridge between renewable energy and traditional fossil energy,via hydrogen fuel cells,the blueprint of clean energy utilization can be realized in the future.The major developed countries in the world have paid great attention to the development of hydrogen energy.At present,hydrogen energy and fuel cells have been initially commercialized in some sub-fields.For example,the research and commercial application development of hydrogen FC and FC vehicles are rapidly developing in Japan,the United States,and Europe,and they continues to innovate in hydrogen production,hydrogen storage,and hydrogen perfusion.China has followed the footsteps of developed countries in the world,while the imperfect hydrogen and fuel cell industrial chain leads to high cost.Therefore,it is necessary to strengthen research on key materials,realize the engineering and localization of core materials and components,establish production lines,and complete the industrial chain as soon as possible.In view of these,China has already deployed complete vehicles,systems and stacks in the industry chain,but there are still few related companies of FC parts and components,especially the most basic key materials and components,such as proton exchange membranes,carbon paper,catalysts,air compressors,hydrogen circulation pump,etc.Although some Chinese companies have involved in above products,there is still a big gap on reliability and durability compared with internationally advanced products.Most of the key components still rely on imports.Moreover,the high cost of hydrogen production and transport,the imperfect infrastructure such as hydrogen refueling stations,and unsound technical standards and testing systems all limit the development of FC vehicles.To develop FC vehicles in China,we should accelerate the construction of hydrogen refueling stations drived by commercial vehicles in order to reduce the cost of hydrogen and FCs.We should also exploit the hydrogen FC vehicle industry cluster,and promote the development of the entire industry chain.In terms of safeguard measures and policy requirements,it is necessary to strengthen the top-level design,comprehensively depict the development path of hydrogen fuel cells;increase research investment to ensure that the core technologies are independently controllable;coordinate the industrial layout,guide the harmonious development of the industry chain;strengthen the formulation of standards to support the technological progress and industrial development.This paper analyzed Chinese and international industry chain structure and the development status of hydrogen energy and FCs.The development status and problems of Chinese hydrogen energy and FCs has been analyzed from two aspects of industrialization and technology.Also proposed is that the development suggestions of hydrogen energy and FCs based on the technology and industry characteristics.The development of hydrogen energy and fuel cells in China has also been prospected.
作者
邵志刚
衣宝廉
SHAO Zhigang;YI Baolian(Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Dalian 116023,China;Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Dalian 116023,China)
出处
《中国科学院院刊》
CSSCI
CSCD
北大核心
2019年第4期469-477,共9页
Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences
基金
中国科学院战略性先导科技专项(XDA21090100)
关键词
氢能
燃料电池
产业化
发展现状
hydrogen energy
fuel cell
industrialization
development status
