摘要
股东出资义务的履行期限并非"完全自治"的事项——出资期限的设计应不影响公司的正常经营(包括偿债)。当公司存在"不清偿到期债务"之情形,应允许债权人主张加速股东出资义务之履行。这不是对"契约严守"的背离,而是对契约诚信的遵守。在合同法上,"非破产加速"存在可能空间:一则,按照合同的相对性原理,"契约严守"不能约束债权人;二则,合同权利不得滥用。在公司法上,"有限责任对价加速"、"法人格否认加速"以及"非破产清算补资加速"等均为"非破产加速"提供了制度解释空间。最高法院有关强制执行规范也事实上许可了"非破产加速"。支持"非破产加速说"有助于形成"理性的股东认缴秩序"及"理性的公司偿债秩序";"非破产加速说"也是交易成本更小的"加速到期方法",应优先得到适用。因此,"非破产加速"与"破产加速"的适用情形不尽相同,它可填补"破产加速"衍生的规制漏洞——透过给股东施加清偿压力,解决"主观清偿不能"的公司赖债现象。而且,"非破产加速"的弊端也完全可以通过破产撤销权的运用控制在合理范围内,不必担心不合理的"偏颇给付"所衍生的"公平清偿"问题。
The period of performance of shareholders’ capital contribution obligations is not only a matter of autonomy—the design of the capital contribution period should not encroach the normal operation of the corporation including debt repayment.When the corporation has unpaiddebts due,the creditors should be allowed to advocate the acceleration of the performance of the shareholders’ capital contribution obligations.This is not a departure from the contractual strictness,but a commitment to the integrity of the contract.Under the contract law,there are some cases of non-bankruptcy acceleration——the first,according to the principle of relativity of the contract,contractual strictness cannot restrain the creditor;the second,the contractual rights must not be abused.In the corporate law,some cases like accelerated liability price acceleration,legal personality denial acceleration and non-bankruptcy liquidation and replenishment acceleration also provide institutional interpretation space for non-bankruptcy acceleration.The Supreme Court’s regulations on enforcement also substantially allowed non-bankruptcy acceleration.Supporting it will make shareholder subscription order and corporate debt repayment order more reasonable.It is also an accelerated expiration method with smaller transaction costs which should be given priority.Therefore,the application of'non-bankruptcy acceleration'is different from bankruptcy acceleration.It can fill the regulatory loopholes derived from the latter——solving the problem of subjective liquidation by applying liquidation pressure to shareholders.Moreover,the drawbacks of non-bankruptcy acceleration can also be controlled within a reasonable range through the use of bankruptcy revocation rights.The fair payout problem arising from unreasonable biased payment will be solved too.
出处
《社会科学》
CSSCI
北大核心
2019年第2期98-113,共16页
Journal of Social Sciences
关键词
公司
股东
出资
破产
加速到期
Corporate
Shareholder
Capital Contribution
Bankruptcy
Accelerated Expiration
