摘要
成立全国人大宪法和法律委员会为推进合宪性审查工作提供了组织保障,并将问题转向"如何开展合宪性审查工作"。长期以来,我国针对规范性文件的审查存在三种模式,即合宪性审查、合法性审查、适当性审查。从审查实践来看,三者界限的模糊已经严重影响了合宪性审查功能的发挥,因此有必要对三者的区别进行厘清。合宪性审查、合法性审查、适当性审查最主要的不同体现在审查内容上。一方面,合宪性审查的本质是对下位的初级规则是否违反作为初级规则效力基础的次级规则进行审查,合法性审查的本质则是审查下位的初级规则是否抵触上位的初级规则;另一方面,合宪性审查是审查下位法是否违反宪法中规定的"什么是有效的立法"的标准,包括形式标准和实质标准,而合法性审查则主要审查下位法是否符合上位法的立法目的。同时,与合宪性审查和合法性审查都针对下位法是否超越上位法设定的框架不同,适当性审查是在上位法的框架内针对下位法的立法裁量是否适当进行审查,过度禁止、不足禁止和恣意禁止分别构成了立法裁量权行使的上限、下限和边限。合宪性审查、合法性审查、适当性审查三者虽然存在不同,但也具有联系。在实际操作中,应当遵循"先合法性审查、再合宪性审查、最后适当性审查"的阶层性审查次序。
The establishment of the Constitution and Law Committee of the National People’s Congress(NPC)provides an organizational guarantee for the promotion of constitutional review,and led the study to'how to carry out a constitutional review'.For a long time,there are three models for the review of normative documents in China’s legislation,namely,constitutionality review,legality review and appropriateness review(rationality review).Judging from the practice of review,the blurring of the three models has seriously affected the exertion of the constitutional review function.Therefore,it is necessary to clarify the differences among the three models.The major differences among constitutional review,legality review and rationality review are reflected in the content of the review.On the one hand,constitutional review is to examine whether the lower primary rules violate the secondary rules that serve as the basis for judging the validity of the primary rules,while legality review is to examine whether the lower primary rules are inconsistent with the upper ones.On the other hand,constitutional review is a review of whether the subordinate law violates'what is effective legislation'stipulated in the Constitution,including formal standards and substantive standards,while legality review is mainly to examine whether the subordinate law contravenes the legislative purpose of the superior law.At the same time,both the reviews of constitutionality and legality are aimed at whether the subordinate law exceeds the upper-legal framework.Appropriateness review is to examine whether the exercise of the legislative discretion of the subordinate law is appropriate in the framework of the upper law.Excessive prohibition,insufficient prohibition,and arbitrary prohibition constitute the upper boundary,lower boundary,and margin of the legislative discretion space respectively.Although constitutional review,legality review and appropriateness review are different,they are also related,which together constitute a multiple review structure of normative documents with Chinese characteristics,thus realizing the overall supervision of constitutionality,legality and appropriateness of normative documents.In actual,China’s review of normative documents should follow the hierarchical order of'the first is legality review,the second is constitutional review and the last is appropriateness review'.At the same time,a normative document review linkage mechanism should be established between the party committee,the people’s congress,the government and the military system to ensure the uniformity of the review standards and the coordination of the review procedures.
出处
《中国法学》
CSSCI
北大核心
2019年第1期5-24,共20页
China Legal Science
基金
北京市习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想研究中心重点项目
北京市社科基金重点项目"健全宪法监督体系和机制研究"(项目批准号:18KDAL044)
中国人民大学科学研究基金重大规划项目"我国合宪性审查体系:原理
制度与实践"(项目批准号:18XNLG11)的阶段性成果
关键词
合宪性审查
合法性审查
适当性审查
初级规则
次级规则
立法裁量空间
Constitutionality Review
Legitimacy Review
Appropriateness Review
Primary Rules
Secondary Rules
Legislative Discretionary Space
