1[1]James MF, Heijke SA, Gordon PC.Intravenous tramadol versus epidural morphine for postthoracotomy pain relief: a placebo-controlled double-blind trial.Anesth Analg, 1996,83:87-91.
2[2]Hopkins D, Shipton EA, Potgieter D,et al.Comparison of tramadol and morphine via subcutaneous PCA following major orthopaedic surgery.Can J Anaesth, 1998,45:435-442.
3[3]Bloch MB, Dyer RA, Heijke SA,et al.Tramadol infusion for postthoracotomy pain relief: a placebo-controlled comparison with epidural morphine.Anesth Analg, 2002,94:523-528.
4[4]Pang WW, Mok MS, Lin CH, et al.Comparison of patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) with tramadol or morphine.Can J Anaesth, 1999,46:1030-1035.
5[5]Stamer UM, Maier C, Grond S, et al.Tramadol in the management of post-operative pain: a double-blind, placebo- and active drug-controlled study.Eur J Anaesthesiol,1997, 14:646-654.
同被引文献11
1李钟廉.临床麻醉治疗学[M].天津:天津科学技术出版社,1994.331-332.
2Ready LB, Lopper KA, Nesslty M, et al. Postoperative epidural Morphine is safe in surgical wards. Anesthesiology, 1991, 75 :452-456.
3Satoh M, Hirabayashi Y, Seo N. Intravenous patient controlled analgesia combined with continuous thoracic epidural analgesia for post-thoracotomy pain. Masui,2000,49:1222-1225.
4Azad SC,Groh J, Beyer A,et al. Continuous peridural analgesia vs patient-controlled intravenous analgesia for pain therapy after thoracotomy. Anaesthesist, 2000,49:9-17.
5Cheong WK,Seow-Choen F,Eu KW, et al. Randomized clinical trial of local bupivacaine perfusion versus parenteral morphine infusion for pain relief after laparotomy. Br J Surg, 2001,88: 357-359.
6Combes X,Cerf C,Bouleau D, et al. The effects of residual pain on oxygenation and breathing pattern during morphine analgesia.Anesth Analg,2000,90: 156-160.
7Satoh M.Hirabay a shi Y, seo N.Intrarenous Patient Controlled analgesia combined with Continous thoracic epidural analgesia for pfst- thora cotomy pain[J].Ma sui,2000,49:1 222 -122 s.
8Azad sc,Grohj,Beyora, et al .concinuous peridural analg esia vs patient - xoncealed intravenous analgesia for pain therapy after thorn cotomy[J].Anaes the sist,2000,49:9-17.