摘要
China is by far the largest producer of tobacco products in the world. As a big tax source, tobacco industry brings about 10%of China's annual income.At present tobacco industry is under the administrative monopoly management in China. The nation's policy and management mechanism greatly influence the competition structure of tobbacco industry. Due to the double character of tobacco, the country generally imposes a high tax and limits total product output in order to control the tobacco market. Therefore, the price signal of tobacco market is distorted and to a large extent the competition of the industry is far from a free one. The cigarette production is in a multi element competition style within the nation's planning system. In other words, administrative monopoly and over competition exist simultaneously in China's tobacco industry. The country predetermines the output quota of each cigarette manufacturing enterprise and the actual production outputs of these enterprises could be adjusted through the quota trades among them. The competition in tobacco industry is mainly represented in 3 modes, i.e.production output competition based on quota trades, value added competition in producing and marketing, and the niche market competition based on product classification.
影响烟草产业竞争结构的一个重要方面是国家政策和管理体制。由于烟草的双重特征,国家一般通过提高税收和限制产量强化对烟草市场的干预,扭曲市场价格信号,从而使烟草产业竞争在很大程度上偏离了自由竞争的态势。目前我国烟草产业整体处于政府垄断,但卷烟的生产处于国家计划体制下的多元竞争,导致行政垄断与过度竞争并存。国家给每个卷烟企业规定产量,企业之间可通过产量指标的有价转让实现产量调节,竞争表现为基于配额交易的产量竞争、产销增值竞争、产品细分市场竞争等三种主要模式。
