摘要
随着过去十余年民主改革的持续深化,台湾公部门治理机制的体质产生重大变化。民选政治人物将「回应性」视为施政的首要目标,让公共管理者在「听命令」与「专业责任」之间,面临痛苦的抉择。因此,公共管理者急需一套新思维,以重新建构政策决策过程中,公民与专家之问的互动关系。本文将这个过程,视为公共管理者处理「治理知识困境」的政治过程。本文先从民主理论当中程序性民主(procedural democracy)与认识性民主(epistemic democracy)的困境出发,讨论公部门政策知识管理者的三个核心问题:(一)如果人民的集体政策偏好是重要的决策知识,它是如何产生的?谁拥有这知识?(二)缺乏专家知识的公民,参与公共决策的意义到底在哪里?(三)如何整合专家与人民的意见? 本文站在民主理论的基础之上,提出「参与式知识管理」概念,作为公共管理者处理「治理知识困境」的指导方针。就内涵而言,参与式知识管理是公部门着重「社会审视」与「民主审议」的一个决策过程;在目的方面,参与式知识管理要达成降低外部成本的共识治理、真实彰显的事实认识、以及权力制衡的目的;而就实行方面,本文提出平等参与、对话学习、审议判断、效率平衡、以及透明课责等五项原则,这些原则可以作为政策参与程序设计的原则,也可以作为发展参与知识管理之绩效评估标准的理论基础。 在後续的研究方面,本文可以作为评估公部门各种参与机制的基础,从民主「治理知识困境」出发的理论架构上,後续研究可以继续发展出可供测量的指标,针对目前国内外所发展出不同的参与机制,从参与式知识管理的角度,加以评估,这种评估的结果,可以为台湾下一阶段的民主深化,提供完整及坚实的改革知识基础。
In the past decade, government in Taiwan has gone through a dramatic transformation in its governing nature. For public managers, the value of professional responsibility has been gradually dominated by the value of responsiveness. A new viewpoint is needed to handle the so-called ”dilemma in governing knowledge” to ease the conflict between citizens and experts in public policy making process. In this article, the author first traces the dilemma back to its root in the theories of democracy. By reviewing the philosophical unrest between ”procedural democracy” and ”epistemic democracy,” author establishes a theoretical base for the so-called ”participatory knowledge management (PKM).” Finally, the author proposes five principles to implement the PKM in the public sectors. They are equal inclusion, dialogical learning, deliberative judgment, efficient balancing, and transparent accountability. Based on these principles, future research is needed to build an evaluating framework to access the performance of various kinds of participatory policy processes now on the market. The outcome can be a needed base for writing guidelines for public managers in handling citizen participation in various policy arenas.
关键词
公共管理者
公民能力
專家宰制
民主理論
參與式知識管理
程序性民主
認識性民主
public managers
citizen competence
expert dominance
theories of democracy
participatory knowledge management
procedural democracy
epistemic democracy