At the EAST tokamak, the ion temperature(T_(i)) is observed to be clamped around 1.25 keV in electron cyclotron resonance(ECR)-heated plasmas, even at core electron temperatures up to 10 keV(depending on the ECR heati...At the EAST tokamak, the ion temperature(T_(i)) is observed to be clamped around 1.25 keV in electron cyclotron resonance(ECR)-heated plasmas, even at core electron temperatures up to 10 keV(depending on the ECR heating power and the plasma density). This clamping results from the lack of direct ion heating and high levels of turbulence-driven transport. Turbulent transport analysis shows that trapped electron mode and electron temperature gradient-driven modes are the most unstable modes in the core of ECR-heated H-mode plasmas. Nevertheless, recently it was found that the T_(i)/T_(e)ratio can increase further with the fraction of the neutral beam injection(NBI) power, which leads to a higher core ion temperature(Ti0). In NBI heating-dominant H-mode plasmas, the ion temperature gradient-driven modes become the most unstable modes.Furthermore, a strong and broad internal transport barrier(ITB) can form at the plasma core in high-power NBI-heated H-mode plasmas when the T_(i)/T_(e)ratio approaches ~1, which results in steep core Teand Tiprofiles, as well as a peaked neprofile. Power balance analysis shows a weaker Teprofile stiffness after the formation of ITBs in the core plasma region, where Ticlamping is broken,and the core Tican increase further above 2 keV, which is 80% higher than the value of Ticlamping in ECR-heated plasmas. This finding proposes a possible solution to the problem of Ticlamping on EAST and demonstrates an advanced operational regime with the formation of a strong and broad ITB for future fusion plasmas dominated by electron heating.展开更多
因钠储量丰富和相对价格便宜,钠离子电池(SIBs)已明确为大规模储能的首选电化学器件,其中电解液是SIBs的重要组成部分.众所周知,传统碳酸酯类电解液的挥发性和易燃性,对电池的安全性能产生重大的影响.因此,开发高安全性的电解液已成为...因钠储量丰富和相对价格便宜,钠离子电池(SIBs)已明确为大规模储能的首选电化学器件,其中电解液是SIBs的重要组成部分.众所周知,传统碳酸酯类电解液的挥发性和易燃性,对电池的安全性能产生重大的影响.因此,开发高安全性的电解液已成为钠离子电池领域重点研究方向之一.本工作提出使用1-(2,2,2-三氟乙基)-1,1,2,2-四氟乙基醚(TTE)桥接全氟阻燃添加剂全氟丁基硫酰氟(PFSF)和碳酸酯基电解液提升电解液的阻燃性能,同时有效提升了正极材料Na3V2(PO4)3(NVP@rGO)的电化学性能.高度氟化的电解液可在充放电过程中在正负极表面构建致密均匀的保护层,使用电解液1.0 M NaTFSI+碳酸丙烯酯(PC)/氟代碳酸乙烯酯(FEC)/TTE(3/3/4,V)+0.5%(体积分数)PFSF的Na/NVP@rGO半电池在200次循环后的容量保持率可维持在88.0%,明显优于传统碳酸酯基电解液,这为安全型钠离子电池的设计提供新思路.展开更多
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.12135015)the Users with Excellence Program of Hefei Science Center,CAS(No.2021HSCUE012)+3 种基金the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2022Y FE03010003)the Major Science and Technology Infrastructure Maintenance and Reconstruction Projects of the Chinese Academy of Sciences 2021the Special Funds for Improving Conditions for Scientific Research in National Scientific Institutions 2022the China Scholarship Council。
文摘At the EAST tokamak, the ion temperature(T_(i)) is observed to be clamped around 1.25 keV in electron cyclotron resonance(ECR)-heated plasmas, even at core electron temperatures up to 10 keV(depending on the ECR heating power and the plasma density). This clamping results from the lack of direct ion heating and high levels of turbulence-driven transport. Turbulent transport analysis shows that trapped electron mode and electron temperature gradient-driven modes are the most unstable modes in the core of ECR-heated H-mode plasmas. Nevertheless, recently it was found that the T_(i)/T_(e)ratio can increase further with the fraction of the neutral beam injection(NBI) power, which leads to a higher core ion temperature(Ti0). In NBI heating-dominant H-mode plasmas, the ion temperature gradient-driven modes become the most unstable modes.Furthermore, a strong and broad internal transport barrier(ITB) can form at the plasma core in high-power NBI-heated H-mode plasmas when the T_(i)/T_(e)ratio approaches ~1, which results in steep core Teand Tiprofiles, as well as a peaked neprofile. Power balance analysis shows a weaker Teprofile stiffness after the formation of ITBs in the core plasma region, where Ticlamping is broken,and the core Tican increase further above 2 keV, which is 80% higher than the value of Ticlamping in ECR-heated plasmas. This finding proposes a possible solution to the problem of Ticlamping on EAST and demonstrates an advanced operational regime with the formation of a strong and broad ITB for future fusion plasmas dominated by electron heating.
文摘因钠储量丰富和相对价格便宜,钠离子电池(SIBs)已明确为大规模储能的首选电化学器件,其中电解液是SIBs的重要组成部分.众所周知,传统碳酸酯类电解液的挥发性和易燃性,对电池的安全性能产生重大的影响.因此,开发高安全性的电解液已成为钠离子电池领域重点研究方向之一.本工作提出使用1-(2,2,2-三氟乙基)-1,1,2,2-四氟乙基醚(TTE)桥接全氟阻燃添加剂全氟丁基硫酰氟(PFSF)和碳酸酯基电解液提升电解液的阻燃性能,同时有效提升了正极材料Na3V2(PO4)3(NVP@rGO)的电化学性能.高度氟化的电解液可在充放电过程中在正负极表面构建致密均匀的保护层,使用电解液1.0 M NaTFSI+碳酸丙烯酯(PC)/氟代碳酸乙烯酯(FEC)/TTE(3/3/4,V)+0.5%(体积分数)PFSF的Na/NVP@rGO半电池在200次循环后的容量保持率可维持在88.0%,明显优于传统碳酸酯基电解液,这为安全型钠离子电池的设计提供新思路.
