By varying the intrinsic initial geometry,p/d/^(3)He+Au collisions at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider(RHIC)provide a unique opportunity to understand the collective behavior and probe possible sub-nucleon fluctuat...By varying the intrinsic initial geometry,p/d/^(3)He+Au collisions at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider(RHIC)provide a unique opportunity to understand the collective behavior and probe possible sub-nucleon fluctuations in small systems.In this study,we employed the hybrid model under TRENTo initial conditions to study the collective flow and fluid behavior in p/d/^(3)He+Au collisions.With fine-tuned parameters,iEBE-VISHNU can describe the v_(2)(pT) and v_(3)(pT) data from the PHENIX and STAR collaborations.However,for certain parameter sets with initial sub-nucleon fluctuations,the hydrodynamic simulations already go beyond their limits with an average Knudsen number <K_(n)> clearly larger than unity.Our calculations demonstrate that,for a meaningful evaluation of the fluid behavior in small systems,model simulations must also pay attention to the validity range of hydrodynamics.展开更多
基金Supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(12247107,12075007,12147173(Baochi Fu))。
文摘By varying the intrinsic initial geometry,p/d/^(3)He+Au collisions at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider(RHIC)provide a unique opportunity to understand the collective behavior and probe possible sub-nucleon fluctuations in small systems.In this study,we employed the hybrid model under TRENTo initial conditions to study the collective flow and fluid behavior in p/d/^(3)He+Au collisions.With fine-tuned parameters,iEBE-VISHNU can describe the v_(2)(pT) and v_(3)(pT) data from the PHENIX and STAR collaborations.However,for certain parameter sets with initial sub-nucleon fluctuations,the hydrodynamic simulations already go beyond their limits with an average Knudsen number <K_(n)> clearly larger than unity.Our calculations demonstrate that,for a meaningful evaluation of the fluid behavior in small systems,model simulations must also pay attention to the validity range of hydrodynamics.
