多媒体系统与现有的计算机系统相比较,在软件结构上存在着一些差别。就多媒体软件而言,大致可分为四个层次: (1).系统与图形界面软件。主要包括了计算机操作系统(DOS Windows OS/2等)及多媒体扩展工具和工具性软件。 (2).创意性软件工...多媒体系统与现有的计算机系统相比较,在软件结构上存在着一些差别。就多媒体软件而言,大致可分为四个层次: (1).系统与图形界面软件。主要包括了计算机操作系统(DOS Windows OS/2等)及多媒体扩展工具和工具性软件。 (2).创意性软件工具。又称做Domain Editor。它主要的功能是动画创作和图形制作。展开更多
The simplicity of Topography-based hydrological model (TOPMODEL), as a way of reflecting the topographic controls on soil water storage and runoff generation, has become more attractive and more popular for land surfa...The simplicity of Topography-based hydrological model (TOPMODEL), as a way of reflecting the topographic controls on soil water storage and runoff generation, has become more attractive and more popular for land surface process study since digital elevation models (DEMs) have become widely available. In this paper, the effect of the topography index on soil water storage distribution, which is the key to TOPMODEL, is explained. Then a simple water cycle model for estimating other components of the surface water cycle is developed, which is implemented into the TOPMODEL to integrate the water cycle of the catchment. Using the output of a DEM from 100 m×100 m resolution data and a single flow direction algorithm, the index distribution function is calculated for a catchment (around 2500 km2 )in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River under different channel initiation thresholds. Finally, the daily and monthly rainfall-runoff response from 1960 to 1987 for the catchment is simulated with the TOPMODEL coupled with the simple water cycle model.展开更多
基金supported by the following projects of China the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos.40233034 and 40075019the following projects of China the National Key Program for Developing Basic Sciences G1998040900-Part 1the following projects of China KZCX2-SW-210.
文摘The simplicity of Topography-based hydrological model (TOPMODEL), as a way of reflecting the topographic controls on soil water storage and runoff generation, has become more attractive and more popular for land surface process study since digital elevation models (DEMs) have become widely available. In this paper, the effect of the topography index on soil water storage distribution, which is the key to TOPMODEL, is explained. Then a simple water cycle model for estimating other components of the surface water cycle is developed, which is implemented into the TOPMODEL to integrate the water cycle of the catchment. Using the output of a DEM from 100 m×100 m resolution data and a single flow direction algorithm, the index distribution function is calculated for a catchment (around 2500 km2 )in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River under different channel initiation thresholds. Finally, the daily and monthly rainfall-runoff response from 1960 to 1987 for the catchment is simulated with the TOPMODEL coupled with the simple water cycle model.
