A comprehensive understanding of the role of dietary fibre in non-ruminant animal production is elusive.Equivocal and conflated definitions of fibre coupled with significant analytical complexity,interact with poorly ...A comprehensive understanding of the role of dietary fibre in non-ruminant animal production is elusive.Equivocal and conflated definitions of fibre coupled with significant analytical complexity,interact with poorly defined host and microbiome relationships.Dietary fibre is known to influence gut development,feed intake and passage rate,nutrient absorption,microbiome taxonomy and function,gut p H,endogenous nutrient loss,environmental sustainability,animal welfare and more.Whilst significant gaps persist in our understanding of fibre in non-ruminant animal production,there is substantial interest in optimizing the fibre fraction of feed to induce high value phenotypes such as improved welfare,live performance and to reduce the environmental footprint of animal production systems.In order to achieve these aspirational goals,it is important to tackle dietary fibre with the same level of scrutiny as is currently done for other critical nutrient classes such as protein,minerals and vitamins.The chemical,mechanical and nutritional role of fibre must be explored at the level of monomeric sugars,oligosaccharides and polysaccharides of varying molecular weight and decoration,and this must be in parallel to standardisation of analytical tools and definitions for speciation.To further complicate subject,exogenous carbohydrases recognise dietary fibre as a focal substrate and have varying capacity to generate lower molecular weight carbohydrates that interact differentially with the host and the enteric microbiome.This short review article will explore the interactive space between dietary fibre and exogenous carbohydrases and will include their nutritional and health effects with emphasis on functional development of the gut,microbiome modulation and host metabolism.展开更多
Accurate knowledge of the actual nutritional value of individual feed ingredients and complete diets is critical for efficient and sustainable animal production.For this reason,feed evaluation has always been in the f...Accurate knowledge of the actual nutritional value of individual feed ingredients and complete diets is critical for efficient and sustainable animal production.For this reason,feed evaluation has always been in the forefront of nutritional research.Feed evaluation for poultry involves several approaches that include chemical analysis,table values,prediction equations,near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy,in vivo data and in vitro digestion techniques.Among these,the use of animals(in vivo)is the most valuable to gain information on nutrient utilization and is more predictive of bird performance.However,in vivo methods are expensive,laborious and time-consuming.It is therefore important to establish in vitro methods that are reliable,rapid and practical to assess the nutritional quality of feed ingredients or complete diets.Accuracy of the technique is crucial,as poor prediction will have a negative impact on bird performance and,increase feed cost and environmental issues.In this review,the relevance and importance of feed evaluation in poultry nutrition will be highlighted and the various approaches to evaluate the feed value of feed ingredients or complete diets will be discussed.Trends in and practical limitations encountered in feed evaluation science,with emphasis on in vitro digestion techniques,will be discussed.展开更多
An experiment was conducted to explore the effects of digestible amino acid(dAA)concentrations and supplemental protease on live performance and energy partitioning in broilers.Ross 308 male broilers(n?288)were distri...An experiment was conducted to explore the effects of digestible amino acid(dAA)concentrations and supplemental protease on live performance and energy partitioning in broilers.Ross 308 male broilers(n?288)were distributed into 24 floor pens and offered 1 of 4 dietary treatments with 6 replicates from 1 to 35 d of age.Dietary treatments consisted of a 2×2 factorial arrangement with dAA concentrations(standard and reduced[34 g/kg below standard])and supplemental protease(without or with)as the main factors.At 1,15,28,and 35 d of age,feed and broilerswereweighed to determine live performance.From20 to 23 d of age,a total of 32 birds(2 birds/chamber,4 replicates)were placed in closed-calorimeter chambers to determine respiratory exchange(heat production,HP),apparent metabolisable energy(AME),retained energy(RE),and net energy(NE).From 29 to 35 d of age,supplemental protease in the reduced-dAA diet decreased broiler feed conversion ratio(FCR)by 5.6 points,whereas protease supplementation in the standard-dAA diet increased FCR by 5.8 points.The indirect calorimetry assay revealed that supplemental protease decreased(P<0.05)the heat increment of feed(HIF)by 0.22 MJ/kg.Also,from 20 to 23 d of age,broilers offered the reduced-dAA diet with supplemental protease had a higher daily body weight gain(BWG)(t10.4%),N intake(t7.1%),and N retention(t8.2%)than those offered the standard-dAA with supplemental protease.Broilers offered the reduced-dAA without supplemental protease exhibited a 3.6%higher AME-to-crude protein(CP)ratio than those offered other treatments.Protease supplementation in the standard-and reduced-dAA diets resulted in 2.7%and 5.6%lower AME intake-to-N retention ratios,respectively,compared with the unsupplemented controls.Reduced-dAA increased(P<0.05)AME intake(t4.8%),RE(t9.8%),NE intake(t5.8%),NE intake-to-CP ratio(t3.0%),and RE fat-to-RE ratio(t8.6%).Protease supplementation increased(P<0.05)respiratory quotient(t1.2%)and N retention-to-N intake ratio(t2.2%),NE-to-AME ratio(t1.9%),and reduced HP(3.6%),heat increment(7.4%),and NE intake-to-N retention(2.5%).In conclusion,protease positively affected FCR and energy partitioning in broilers;responses were most apparent in diets with reduced-dAA concentrations.展开更多
Currently,specific nutrient concentration,metabolizable energy(ME)and digestible amino acids are used as feed formulation criteria.A balanced nutrient density(BND)concept based on 2 criteria of nutrient density and ba...Currently,specific nutrient concentration,metabolizable energy(ME)and digestible amino acids are used as feed formulation criteria.A balanced nutrient density(BND)concept based on 2 criteria of nutrient density and balanced amino acids-to-ME ratio may offer more flexibility in optimisation of profit in formulation of diets compared with current formulation based on set values per unit of feed mass.A total of 672 one-d-old off-sex male Ross 308 broiler chickens were used across two 42-d performance trials in a 3×2 factorial arrangement of treatments with each diet replicated 8 times(14 birds per replicate).The experimental factors were 2 nutrient density levels(low[LD]and high[HD])and 3 digestible lysine-to-ME ratios(DLYS:ME;low,medium,and high).Low density diets had ME of 2,876 and 3,023 kcal/kg for starter and finisher,respectively,while values for HD diets were 3,169 and 3,315 kcal/kg with proportionally higher non-nitrogenated nutrients.Separate digestibility and apparent metaboliz-able energy(AME)assays were conducted at d 21 and 42.Digestibility assays at d 7 were conducted on birds used for performance trials.Regardless of the diet density,birds fed low DLYS:ME had a lower(P<0.01)feed intake(d 0 to 42)than medium and high DLYS:ME.Without interaction,birds fed low and medium DLYS:ME had a similar body weight gain being the heaviest while birds low DLYS:ME were the lightest.By an interaction(P<0.05),the highest overall FCR value was observed for birds fed LD×low DLYS:ME and improved linearly when DLYS:ME increased to the highest level reaching a limit for birds fed HD×medium DLYS:ME.Calorie conversion linearly decreased(P<0.001)with increments in DLYS:ME.Jejunal and ileal starch and protein digestibility were affected on d 21 and 42 but not on d 7 of age.Given the independence of response on BW and feed consumption,the use of BND as a flexible system in diet formulations has the potential to enable more accurate formulation for optimisation of growth performance of broiler chickens.展开更多
The objective of this study was to examine the influence of meat-and-bone meal(MBM) and phytase inclusion on growth performance, bone mineralisation and apparent digestibility coefficients of nutrients in broiler chic...The objective of this study was to examine the influence of meat-and-bone meal(MBM) and phytase inclusion on growth performance, bone mineralisation and apparent digestibility coefficients of nutrients in broiler chickens offered wheat-based diets. The feeding study comprised 7 dietary treatments: positive control(PC, 9.0% Ca and 4.5% available phosphorous [AvP] in starter, 7.0% Ca and 3.5% AvP in finisher); negative control(NC, 7.2% Ca and 3.0% AvP in starter, 5.2% Ca and 2.0% AvP in finisher) diets incorporating a 3 × 2 factorial array of 3 MBM inclusions(0, 60, 120 g/kg) and 2 levels of phytase supplementation(0 and 1,000 FYT/kg). Each treatment was allocated to 6 replicated pens with 30 birds per pen in an environmentally-controlled deep litter facility. A total of 1,260 one-day-old male Ross 308 chicks were offered starter diets from 1 to 14 days post-hatch and finisher diets from 15 to 36 days posthatch. There were significant(P < 0.05) interactions between MBM inclusions and phytase supplementation on weight gain and feed intake in starter diets. Phytase significantly increased weight gain in diets without MBM and did not influence weight gain in diets with 60 and 120 g/kg MBM. Collectively,increasing MBM inclusion significantly reduced weight gain in starter diets(P < 0.0001). There were dietary interactions(P < 0.01) on toe ash where phytase significantly improved toe ash in diet without MBM and did not influence toe ash in the other two groups of negative control diets. There were no dietary treatment interactions on apparent ileal digestibility coefficients of starch and protein except that diets without MBM had significantly(P < 0.01) lower ileal starch digestibility and diets with 120 g/kg MBM had significantly(P < 0.0001) lower ileal protein digestibility. No dietary influence on ileal fat digestibility was observed. There were dietary interactions on ileal digestibilities of isoleucine, valine and glycine. Phytase significantly increased glycine digestibility in diets with 60 and 120 g/kg MBM but not in diets without MBM, Including 120 g/kg MBM significantly(P < 0.01) depressed apparent digestibility coefficients of 13 ex 16 amino acids in the distal ileum. This study demonstrated the negative impacts of MBM on amino acid digestibility and growth performance. Also, responses to phytase were more pronounced in diets without MBM, which may have been due to their relatively lower available P and higher phytate concentrations in comparison to diets containing MBM.展开更多
文摘A comprehensive understanding of the role of dietary fibre in non-ruminant animal production is elusive.Equivocal and conflated definitions of fibre coupled with significant analytical complexity,interact with poorly defined host and microbiome relationships.Dietary fibre is known to influence gut development,feed intake and passage rate,nutrient absorption,microbiome taxonomy and function,gut p H,endogenous nutrient loss,environmental sustainability,animal welfare and more.Whilst significant gaps persist in our understanding of fibre in non-ruminant animal production,there is substantial interest in optimizing the fibre fraction of feed to induce high value phenotypes such as improved welfare,live performance and to reduce the environmental footprint of animal production systems.In order to achieve these aspirational goals,it is important to tackle dietary fibre with the same level of scrutiny as is currently done for other critical nutrient classes such as protein,minerals and vitamins.The chemical,mechanical and nutritional role of fibre must be explored at the level of monomeric sugars,oligosaccharides and polysaccharides of varying molecular weight and decoration,and this must be in parallel to standardisation of analytical tools and definitions for speciation.To further complicate subject,exogenous carbohydrases recognise dietary fibre as a focal substrate and have varying capacity to generate lower molecular weight carbohydrates that interact differentially with the host and the enteric microbiome.This short review article will explore the interactive space between dietary fibre and exogenous carbohydrases and will include their nutritional and health effects with emphasis on functional development of the gut,microbiome modulation and host metabolism.
文摘Accurate knowledge of the actual nutritional value of individual feed ingredients and complete diets is critical for efficient and sustainable animal production.For this reason,feed evaluation has always been in the forefront of nutritional research.Feed evaluation for poultry involves several approaches that include chemical analysis,table values,prediction equations,near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy,in vivo data and in vitro digestion techniques.Among these,the use of animals(in vivo)is the most valuable to gain information on nutrient utilization and is more predictive of bird performance.However,in vivo methods are expensive,laborious and time-consuming.It is therefore important to establish in vitro methods that are reliable,rapid and practical to assess the nutritional quality of feed ingredients or complete diets.Accuracy of the technique is crucial,as poor prediction will have a negative impact on bird performance and,increase feed cost and environmental issues.In this review,the relevance and importance of feed evaluation in poultry nutrition will be highlighted and the various approaches to evaluate the feed value of feed ingredients or complete diets will be discussed.Trends in and practical limitations encountered in feed evaluation science,with emphasis on in vitro digestion techniques,will be discussed.
文摘An experiment was conducted to explore the effects of digestible amino acid(dAA)concentrations and supplemental protease on live performance and energy partitioning in broilers.Ross 308 male broilers(n?288)were distributed into 24 floor pens and offered 1 of 4 dietary treatments with 6 replicates from 1 to 35 d of age.Dietary treatments consisted of a 2×2 factorial arrangement with dAA concentrations(standard and reduced[34 g/kg below standard])and supplemental protease(without or with)as the main factors.At 1,15,28,and 35 d of age,feed and broilerswereweighed to determine live performance.From20 to 23 d of age,a total of 32 birds(2 birds/chamber,4 replicates)were placed in closed-calorimeter chambers to determine respiratory exchange(heat production,HP),apparent metabolisable energy(AME),retained energy(RE),and net energy(NE).From 29 to 35 d of age,supplemental protease in the reduced-dAA diet decreased broiler feed conversion ratio(FCR)by 5.6 points,whereas protease supplementation in the standard-dAA diet increased FCR by 5.8 points.The indirect calorimetry assay revealed that supplemental protease decreased(P<0.05)the heat increment of feed(HIF)by 0.22 MJ/kg.Also,from 20 to 23 d of age,broilers offered the reduced-dAA diet with supplemental protease had a higher daily body weight gain(BWG)(t10.4%),N intake(t7.1%),and N retention(t8.2%)than those offered the standard-dAA with supplemental protease.Broilers offered the reduced-dAA without supplemental protease exhibited a 3.6%higher AME-to-crude protein(CP)ratio than those offered other treatments.Protease supplementation in the standard-and reduced-dAA diets resulted in 2.7%and 5.6%lower AME intake-to-N retention ratios,respectively,compared with the unsupplemented controls.Reduced-dAA increased(P<0.05)AME intake(t4.8%),RE(t9.8%),NE intake(t5.8%),NE intake-to-CP ratio(t3.0%),and RE fat-to-RE ratio(t8.6%).Protease supplementation increased(P<0.05)respiratory quotient(t1.2%)and N retention-to-N intake ratio(t2.2%),NE-to-AME ratio(t1.9%),and reduced HP(3.6%),heat increment(7.4%),and NE intake-to-N retention(2.5%).In conclusion,protease positively affected FCR and energy partitioning in broilers;responses were most apparent in diets with reduced-dAA concentrations.
基金This study was financially supported by DSM Nutritional Products,Switzerland.
文摘Currently,specific nutrient concentration,metabolizable energy(ME)and digestible amino acids are used as feed formulation criteria.A balanced nutrient density(BND)concept based on 2 criteria of nutrient density and balanced amino acids-to-ME ratio may offer more flexibility in optimisation of profit in formulation of diets compared with current formulation based on set values per unit of feed mass.A total of 672 one-d-old off-sex male Ross 308 broiler chickens were used across two 42-d performance trials in a 3×2 factorial arrangement of treatments with each diet replicated 8 times(14 birds per replicate).The experimental factors were 2 nutrient density levels(low[LD]and high[HD])and 3 digestible lysine-to-ME ratios(DLYS:ME;low,medium,and high).Low density diets had ME of 2,876 and 3,023 kcal/kg for starter and finisher,respectively,while values for HD diets were 3,169 and 3,315 kcal/kg with proportionally higher non-nitrogenated nutrients.Separate digestibility and apparent metaboliz-able energy(AME)assays were conducted at d 21 and 42.Digestibility assays at d 7 were conducted on birds used for performance trials.Regardless of the diet density,birds fed low DLYS:ME had a lower(P<0.01)feed intake(d 0 to 42)than medium and high DLYS:ME.Without interaction,birds fed low and medium DLYS:ME had a similar body weight gain being the heaviest while birds low DLYS:ME were the lightest.By an interaction(P<0.05),the highest overall FCR value was observed for birds fed LD×low DLYS:ME and improved linearly when DLYS:ME increased to the highest level reaching a limit for birds fed HD×medium DLYS:ME.Calorie conversion linearly decreased(P<0.001)with increments in DLYS:ME.Jejunal and ileal starch and protein digestibility were affected on d 21 and 42 but not on d 7 of age.Given the independence of response on BW and feed consumption,the use of BND as a flexible system in diet formulations has the potential to enable more accurate formulation for optimisation of growth performance of broiler chickens.
文摘The objective of this study was to examine the influence of meat-and-bone meal(MBM) and phytase inclusion on growth performance, bone mineralisation and apparent digestibility coefficients of nutrients in broiler chickens offered wheat-based diets. The feeding study comprised 7 dietary treatments: positive control(PC, 9.0% Ca and 4.5% available phosphorous [AvP] in starter, 7.0% Ca and 3.5% AvP in finisher); negative control(NC, 7.2% Ca and 3.0% AvP in starter, 5.2% Ca and 2.0% AvP in finisher) diets incorporating a 3 × 2 factorial array of 3 MBM inclusions(0, 60, 120 g/kg) and 2 levels of phytase supplementation(0 and 1,000 FYT/kg). Each treatment was allocated to 6 replicated pens with 30 birds per pen in an environmentally-controlled deep litter facility. A total of 1,260 one-day-old male Ross 308 chicks were offered starter diets from 1 to 14 days post-hatch and finisher diets from 15 to 36 days posthatch. There were significant(P < 0.05) interactions between MBM inclusions and phytase supplementation on weight gain and feed intake in starter diets. Phytase significantly increased weight gain in diets without MBM and did not influence weight gain in diets with 60 and 120 g/kg MBM. Collectively,increasing MBM inclusion significantly reduced weight gain in starter diets(P < 0.0001). There were dietary interactions(P < 0.01) on toe ash where phytase significantly improved toe ash in diet without MBM and did not influence toe ash in the other two groups of negative control diets. There were no dietary treatment interactions on apparent ileal digestibility coefficients of starch and protein except that diets without MBM had significantly(P < 0.01) lower ileal starch digestibility and diets with 120 g/kg MBM had significantly(P < 0.0001) lower ileal protein digestibility. No dietary influence on ileal fat digestibility was observed. There were dietary interactions on ileal digestibilities of isoleucine, valine and glycine. Phytase significantly increased glycine digestibility in diets with 60 and 120 g/kg MBM but not in diets without MBM, Including 120 g/kg MBM significantly(P < 0.01) depressed apparent digestibility coefficients of 13 ex 16 amino acids in the distal ileum. This study demonstrated the negative impacts of MBM on amino acid digestibility and growth performance. Also, responses to phytase were more pronounced in diets without MBM, which may have been due to their relatively lower available P and higher phytate concentrations in comparison to diets containing MBM.
