This manuscript studies the optical dromions with beta derivative(BD)applied to the Complex Ginzburg Landau equation(CGLE)with Kerr law,parabolic law,cubic quintic septic law and quadratic cubic law.We obtain bright d...This manuscript studies the optical dromions with beta derivative(BD)applied to the Complex Ginzburg Landau equation(CGLE)with Kerr law,parabolic law,cubic quintic septic law and quadratic cubic law.We obtain bright dromians by using the sine-cosine method(SCM).We will also obtain domain walls with the assistance of Bernoulli equation approach(BEA).Constraint conditions are also listed.展开更多
To ascertain the influence of wheat stubble management options and chemical weed control methods on weed growth and productivity of dry direct-seeded fine rice, a two years' field study was undertaken at the Agron...To ascertain the influence of wheat stubble management options and chemical weed control methods on weed growth and productivity of dry direct-seeded fine rice, a two years' field study was undertaken at the Agronomic Research Farm, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan in 2013 and 2014. Different wheat stubble management methods, viz., incorporation, burning and retention were executed during seed-bed preparation. While, herbicide treatments comprised of a weed check, weed free, pendimethalin followed by tank mixture of fenoxaprop p-ethyl+ethoxysulfuron ethyl, and bispyribac sodium followed by tank mixture of fenoxaprop p-ethyl+ethoxysulfuron ethyl. Results revealed that weed control efficacy of both herbicide treatments ranged from 84 to 94%. Herbicide treatments significantly reduced weed density(88–90%) and dry weight(86–88%), while improved the rice growth attributes compared with weed check. Application of bispyribac sodium followed by tank mixture of fenoxaprop p-ethyl+ethoxysulfuron ethyl in stubble retention recorded 226 and 273% increase in kernel yield over weedy check in 2013 and 2014, respectively. In stubble incorporation, pendimethalin followed by tank mixture of fenoxaprop p-ethyl+ethoxysulfuron ethyl was more effective in increasing(256–293%) rice yields over weedy check. Among different treatment combinations, the maximum net benefits(1 397.49^(–1) 472.22 USD ha^(–1)), net returns(636–700 USD ha^(–1)), benefit cost ratio(1.77^(–1).83) and marginal rate of return(2 187–2 330%) were recorded with the application of bispyribac sodium followed by fenoxaprop p-ethyl+ethoxysulfuron ethyl in stubble retention. In crux, application of bispyribac sodium followed by tank mixture of fenoxaprop p-ethyl+ethoxysulfuron ethyl in stubble retention is efficient approach to control weeds, and get maximum rice productivity and net economic returns under dry seeded system.展开更多
A split-step second-order predictor-corrector method for space-fractional reaction-diffusion equations with nonhomogeneous boundary conditions is presented and analyzed for the stability and convergence.The matrix tra...A split-step second-order predictor-corrector method for space-fractional reaction-diffusion equations with nonhomogeneous boundary conditions is presented and analyzed for the stability and convergence.The matrix transfer technique is used for spatial discretization of the problem.The method is shown to be unconditionally stable and second-order convergent.Numerical experiments are performed to confirm the stability and secondorder convergence of the method.The split-step predictor-corrector method is also compared with an IMEX predictor-corrector method which is found to incur oscillatory behavior for some time steps.Our method is seen to produce reliable and oscillatioresults for any time step when implemented on numerical examples with nonsmooth initial data.We also present a priori reliability constraint for the IMEX predictor-corrector method to avoid unwanted oscillations and show its validity numerically.展开更多
For granular materials,discrete element modeling is one of the best computer tools to simulate their behavior and interactions.A field experiment was carried out to evaluate the performance of disc furrow openers in p...For granular materials,discrete element modeling is one of the best computer tools to simulate their behavior and interactions.A field experiment was carried out to evaluate the performance of disc furrow openers in paddy soil.Discrete element simulation was done to develop a 3D DEM model for notched,toothed and double disc furrow openers using EDEM software.Hertz Mindlin contact model with bonding was applied for simulation to fulfill the obligations of the soil moisture and bonding between the cohesive particles.Simulated and field experimental data were compared to determine the applicability in the different working conditions.The results of the simulation validated the applicability of the Hertz-Mindlin contact model with bonding to simulate the no till paddy soil using an extremely narrow tillage tool.The calibrated value of normal and shear stiffness was 5×10^(7)N/m,and the calibrated value of bond normal and shear strength was 3×10^(7)Pa.The relative error(-1.7%to 20.6%)for the double disc furrow opener was lower as compared with that notch typed(29.2%to 44.4%)and toothed type(31.5%to 45.9%)furrow openers.展开更多
Weeds are one of the most important biological constraint to cotton production,and result-ing in a yield losses of up to 90%.The evolution of hundreds of resistant weed species,the lack of new herbicide chemistries,an...Weeds are one of the most important biological constraint to cotton production,and result-ing in a yield losses of up to 90%.The evolution of hundreds of resistant weed species,the lack of new herbicide chemistries,and the increase in weed management costs are all mak-ing weed management more arduous for the growers.Hence,a field experiment was con-ducted to investigate the efficacy of allelopathic crop water extracts(ACWEs)alone and in combinaton with one third rate of S-metolachlor 717g ai.ha-1for effective weed man-agement in cotton.The treatments investigated were;weedy check,sorghum+brassica water extract(WE)at 1.5Lha 1,sorghum+sunflower WE at 1.5Lha-,sorghum+bras-sica+sunflower WE at 1.5Lha-1,sorghum+brassica WE at 15L ha-1+S-metolachlor at 717 g a.i.ha-l,sorghum+sunflower WE at 1.5L ha-1+S-metolachlor at 717 g a.i.ha-1,sor-ghum+brassica WE+sunflower WE at 1.5Lha-1+S-metolachlor at 717 gaiha-,and S-metolachlor at recommended rate of 2.15 kg ai.ha-1.Results revealed that pre-emergent application of sorghum+brassica water extract(WE)at 1.5L ha-1 was the best treatment in terms of effective dry biomass reduction(40%)of Trianthema portulacastrum and Cyperus rotundus,and increase in seed cotton yield(12%).The second best treatment was sorghum+sunflower WE at 1.5Lha-1+S-metolachlor at 717g ai.ha-1 with yield increase of 11%over the weedy control.In comparison,S-metolachlor at recommended rate 2.15kg a.i.ha-1 recorded only 4%decrease in weeds dry biomass reduction and 8%increase in seed cotton yield.Hence,it can be predicted that binary combinaton of sorghum and brassica WE at 1.5 Lha-1 or binary combination of sorghum+sunflower WE at 15Lha-1 with one third dose of S-metolachlor (717g aiha-l)can be used for effective weed management and increase in seed cotton yield.Furthermore,adoption of this technique will also reduce the herbicide application,which is not only benefcial for the ecosystem but,also minimize the evolution of herbicide-resistant weed species.展开更多
文摘This manuscript studies the optical dromions with beta derivative(BD)applied to the Complex Ginzburg Landau equation(CGLE)with Kerr law,parabolic law,cubic quintic septic law and quadratic cubic law.We obtain bright dromians by using the sine-cosine method(SCM).We will also obtain domain walls with the assistance of Bernoulli equation approach(BEA).Constraint conditions are also listed.
文摘To ascertain the influence of wheat stubble management options and chemical weed control methods on weed growth and productivity of dry direct-seeded fine rice, a two years' field study was undertaken at the Agronomic Research Farm, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan in 2013 and 2014. Different wheat stubble management methods, viz., incorporation, burning and retention were executed during seed-bed preparation. While, herbicide treatments comprised of a weed check, weed free, pendimethalin followed by tank mixture of fenoxaprop p-ethyl+ethoxysulfuron ethyl, and bispyribac sodium followed by tank mixture of fenoxaprop p-ethyl+ethoxysulfuron ethyl. Results revealed that weed control efficacy of both herbicide treatments ranged from 84 to 94%. Herbicide treatments significantly reduced weed density(88–90%) and dry weight(86–88%), while improved the rice growth attributes compared with weed check. Application of bispyribac sodium followed by tank mixture of fenoxaprop p-ethyl+ethoxysulfuron ethyl in stubble retention recorded 226 and 273% increase in kernel yield over weedy check in 2013 and 2014, respectively. In stubble incorporation, pendimethalin followed by tank mixture of fenoxaprop p-ethyl+ethoxysulfuron ethyl was more effective in increasing(256–293%) rice yields over weedy check. Among different treatment combinations, the maximum net benefits(1 397.49^(–1) 472.22 USD ha^(–1)), net returns(636–700 USD ha^(–1)), benefit cost ratio(1.77^(–1).83) and marginal rate of return(2 187–2 330%) were recorded with the application of bispyribac sodium followed by fenoxaprop p-ethyl+ethoxysulfuron ethyl in stubble retention. In crux, application of bispyribac sodium followed by tank mixture of fenoxaprop p-ethyl+ethoxysulfuron ethyl in stubble retention is efficient approach to control weeds, and get maximum rice productivity and net economic returns under dry seeded system.
文摘A split-step second-order predictor-corrector method for space-fractional reaction-diffusion equations with nonhomogeneous boundary conditions is presented and analyzed for the stability and convergence.The matrix transfer technique is used for spatial discretization of the problem.The method is shown to be unconditionally stable and second-order convergent.Numerical experiments are performed to confirm the stability and secondorder convergence of the method.The split-step predictor-corrector method is also compared with an IMEX predictor-corrector method which is found to incur oscillatory behavior for some time steps.Our method is seen to produce reliable and oscillatioresults for any time step when implemented on numerical examples with nonsmooth initial data.We also present a priori reliability constraint for the IMEX predictor-corrector method to avoid unwanted oscillations and show its validity numerically.
基金The authors are grateful for the support of the Key Research and Development Project(2016YFD0200708)the Key Research and Development Project(Modern Agriculture)of Jiangsu Province,China(BE2017354)National Science and Technology Support Program(2018BAD08B04).
文摘For granular materials,discrete element modeling is one of the best computer tools to simulate their behavior and interactions.A field experiment was carried out to evaluate the performance of disc furrow openers in paddy soil.Discrete element simulation was done to develop a 3D DEM model for notched,toothed and double disc furrow openers using EDEM software.Hertz Mindlin contact model with bonding was applied for simulation to fulfill the obligations of the soil moisture and bonding between the cohesive particles.Simulated and field experimental data were compared to determine the applicability in the different working conditions.The results of the simulation validated the applicability of the Hertz-Mindlin contact model with bonding to simulate the no till paddy soil using an extremely narrow tillage tool.The calibrated value of normal and shear stiffness was 5×10^(7)N/m,and the calibrated value of bond normal and shear strength was 3×10^(7)Pa.The relative error(-1.7%to 20.6%)for the double disc furrow opener was lower as compared with that notch typed(29.2%to 44.4%)and toothed type(31.5%to 45.9%)furrow openers.
文摘Weeds are one of the most important biological constraint to cotton production,and result-ing in a yield losses of up to 90%.The evolution of hundreds of resistant weed species,the lack of new herbicide chemistries,and the increase in weed management costs are all mak-ing weed management more arduous for the growers.Hence,a field experiment was con-ducted to investigate the efficacy of allelopathic crop water extracts(ACWEs)alone and in combinaton with one third rate of S-metolachlor 717g ai.ha-1for effective weed man-agement in cotton.The treatments investigated were;weedy check,sorghum+brassica water extract(WE)at 1.5Lha 1,sorghum+sunflower WE at 1.5Lha-,sorghum+bras-sica+sunflower WE at 1.5Lha-1,sorghum+brassica WE at 15L ha-1+S-metolachlor at 717 g a.i.ha-l,sorghum+sunflower WE at 1.5L ha-1+S-metolachlor at 717 g a.i.ha-1,sor-ghum+brassica WE+sunflower WE at 1.5Lha-1+S-metolachlor at 717 gaiha-,and S-metolachlor at recommended rate of 2.15 kg ai.ha-1.Results revealed that pre-emergent application of sorghum+brassica water extract(WE)at 1.5L ha-1 was the best treatment in terms of effective dry biomass reduction(40%)of Trianthema portulacastrum and Cyperus rotundus,and increase in seed cotton yield(12%).The second best treatment was sorghum+sunflower WE at 1.5Lha-1+S-metolachlor at 717g ai.ha-1 with yield increase of 11%over the weedy control.In comparison,S-metolachlor at recommended rate 2.15kg a.i.ha-1 recorded only 4%decrease in weeds dry biomass reduction and 8%increase in seed cotton yield.Hence,it can be predicted that binary combinaton of sorghum and brassica WE at 1.5 Lha-1 or binary combination of sorghum+sunflower WE at 15Lha-1 with one third dose of S-metolachlor (717g aiha-l)can be used for effective weed management and increase in seed cotton yield.Furthermore,adoption of this technique will also reduce the herbicide application,which is not only benefcial for the ecosystem but,also minimize the evolution of herbicide-resistant weed species.
