There are 22 times as many people living with HIV in the population of drug users as in the general population.This is because the injection and sexually risky behaviors prevalent in this population.Having multiple se...There are 22 times as many people living with HIV in the population of drug users as in the general population.This is because the injection and sexually risky behaviors prevalent in this population.Having multiple sexual partners and maintaining sexual networks with people who inject drugs (PWIDs),can increase the risk of contracting a sexually transmitted infection^([1]).More than 65%of all HIVrelated cases in Iran can be traced back to people who inject drugs (PWID),and the number is estimated to be between 200,000 and 230,000 in Iran overall.Effective prevention,resources allocation and monitoring require an accurate estimate of the population of people who use illicit drugs^([2]).展开更多
Background Hepatitis B virus(HBV)and hepatitis C virus(HCV)infections are common among individuals with human immune deficiency virus(HIV)infection worldwide.In this study,we did a systematic review and meta-analysis ...Background Hepatitis B virus(HBV)and hepatitis C virus(HCV)infections are common among individuals with human immune deficiency virus(HIV)infection worldwide.In this study,we did a systematic review and meta-analysis of the published literature to estimate the global and regional prevalence of HCV,HBV and HIV coinfections among HIV-positive prisoners.Methods We searched PubMed via MEDLINE,Embase,the Cochrane Library,SCOPUS,and Web of science(ISI)to identify studies that reported the prevalence of HBV and HCV among prisoners living with HIV.We used an eight-item checklist for critically appraisal studies of prevalence/incidence of a health problem to assess the quality of publications in the included 48 cross-sectional and 4 cohort studies.We used random-effect models and meta-regression for the meta-analysis of the results of the included studies.Results The number of the included studies were 50 for HCV-HIV,and 23 for HBV-HIV co-infections.The pooled prevalence rates of the coinfections were 12%[95%confidence interval(CI)9.0–16.0]for HBV-HIV and 62%(95%CI 53.0–71.0)for HCV-HIV.Among HIV-positive prisoners who reported drug injection,the prevalence of HBV increased to 15%(95%CI 5.0–23.0),and the HCV prevalence increased to 78%(95%CI 51.0–100).The prevalence of HBV-HIV coinfection among prisoners ranged from 3%in the East Mediterranean region to 27%in the American region.Also,the prevalence of HCV-HIV coinfections among prisoners ranged from 6%in Europe to 98%in the East Mediterranean regions.Conclusions Our findings suggested that the high prevalence of HBV and HCV co-infection among HIV-positive prisoners,particularly among those with a history of drug injection,varies significantly across the globe.The results of Meta-regression analysis showed a sliding increase in the prevalence of the studied co-infections among prisoners over the past decades,rising a call for better screening and treatment programs targeting this high-risk population.To prevent the above coinfections among prisoners,aimed public health services(e.g.harm reduction via access to clean needles),human rights,equity,and ethics are to be seriously delivered or practiced in prisons.展开更多
Conventional vision-based systems,such as cameras,have demonstrated their enormous versatility in sensing human activities and developing interactive environments.However,these systems have long been criticized for in...Conventional vision-based systems,such as cameras,have demonstrated their enormous versatility in sensing human activities and developing interactive environments.However,these systems have long been criticized for incurring privacy,power,and latency issues due to their underlying structure of pixel-wise analog signal acquisition,computation,and communication.In this research,we overcome these limitations by introducing in-sensor analog computation through the distribution of interconnected photodetectors in space,having a weighted responsivity,to create what we call a computational photodetector.Computational photodetectors can be used to extract mid-level vision features as a single continuous analog signal measured via a two-pin connection.We develop computational photodetectors using thin and flexible low-noise organic photodiode arrays coupled with a self-powered wireless system to demonstrate a set of designs that capture position,orientation,direction,speed,and identification information,in a range of applications from explicit interactions on everyday surfaces to implicit activity detection.展开更多
Objectives Anxiety and depression(A&D)are common mental disorders with high economical and health burdens.This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and the incidence rate of A&D symptoms and their relatio...Objectives Anxiety and depression(A&D)are common mental disorders with high economical and health burdens.This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and the incidence rate of A&D symptoms and their relationship with sociodemographic and other risk factors and comorbidities in adults living in southeastern Iran.Design A population-based cohort study with random cluster household survey sampling method.Setting Second round of Kerman Coronary Artery Disease Risk Factors Study(KERCADRS)(2014-2018)performed in Southeastern,Iran.Participants We recruited 9997 participants(15-80 years)in the second round of the study,from whom 2820 persons were the people who also participated in the first round of KERCADRS in 2009-2012.The age-standardised A&D prevalence was measured among all participants,and the 5-year A&D incidence rate was measured in those who were free from A&D in the first round in 2009-2012 and were at risk of A&D in the follow-up.The relationship between A&D and demographic characteristics,smoking,opium use,obesity and physical activity was assessed by logistic regression models.Results Overall,the prevalence of anxiety(48.1%to 16.4%,p<0.001)and depression(5.9%to 1.3%,p<0.001)decreased between the two rounds.The highest prevalence of anxiety was among widowed(31.4%),unemployed(21.3%),obese(19.4%),and opium users(17.4%).Young adults,women,those divorced or widowed,and those with obesity and low physical activity had a higher chance of developing anxiety.The 5-year incidence rate(person/1000 person-years)was 15.0 for anxiety and 3.9 for depression.Conclusion Despite the overall decrease in the prevalence of A&D symptoms in last 5 years in the area,young adults,women,unemployed,opium users,people with low physical activity and those with obesity had a higher chance of developing anxiety and are in need of more targeted interventions.展开更多
文摘There are 22 times as many people living with HIV in the population of drug users as in the general population.This is because the injection and sexually risky behaviors prevalent in this population.Having multiple sexual partners and maintaining sexual networks with people who inject drugs (PWIDs),can increase the risk of contracting a sexually transmitted infection^([1]).More than 65%of all HIVrelated cases in Iran can be traced back to people who inject drugs (PWID),and the number is estimated to be between 200,000 and 230,000 in Iran overall.Effective prevention,resources allocation and monitoring require an accurate estimate of the population of people who use illicit drugs^([2]).
文摘Background Hepatitis B virus(HBV)and hepatitis C virus(HCV)infections are common among individuals with human immune deficiency virus(HIV)infection worldwide.In this study,we did a systematic review and meta-analysis of the published literature to estimate the global and regional prevalence of HCV,HBV and HIV coinfections among HIV-positive prisoners.Methods We searched PubMed via MEDLINE,Embase,the Cochrane Library,SCOPUS,and Web of science(ISI)to identify studies that reported the prevalence of HBV and HCV among prisoners living with HIV.We used an eight-item checklist for critically appraisal studies of prevalence/incidence of a health problem to assess the quality of publications in the included 48 cross-sectional and 4 cohort studies.We used random-effect models and meta-regression for the meta-analysis of the results of the included studies.Results The number of the included studies were 50 for HCV-HIV,and 23 for HBV-HIV co-infections.The pooled prevalence rates of the coinfections were 12%[95%confidence interval(CI)9.0–16.0]for HBV-HIV and 62%(95%CI 53.0–71.0)for HCV-HIV.Among HIV-positive prisoners who reported drug injection,the prevalence of HBV increased to 15%(95%CI 5.0–23.0),and the HCV prevalence increased to 78%(95%CI 51.0–100).The prevalence of HBV-HIV coinfection among prisoners ranged from 3%in the East Mediterranean region to 27%in the American region.Also,the prevalence of HCV-HIV coinfections among prisoners ranged from 6%in Europe to 98%in the East Mediterranean regions.Conclusions Our findings suggested that the high prevalence of HBV and HCV co-infection among HIV-positive prisoners,particularly among those with a history of drug injection,varies significantly across the globe.The results of Meta-regression analysis showed a sliding increase in the prevalence of the studied co-infections among prisoners over the past decades,rising a call for better screening and treatment programs targeting this high-risk population.To prevent the above coinfections among prisoners,aimed public health services(e.g.harm reduction via access to clean needles),human rights,equity,and ethics are to be seriously delivered or practiced in prisons.
基金supported by the Georgia Tech CRNCH (Center for Research into Novel Computing Hierarchies) Ph.D.Fellowship.
文摘Conventional vision-based systems,such as cameras,have demonstrated their enormous versatility in sensing human activities and developing interactive environments.However,these systems have long been criticized for incurring privacy,power,and latency issues due to their underlying structure of pixel-wise analog signal acquisition,computation,and communication.In this research,we overcome these limitations by introducing in-sensor analog computation through the distribution of interconnected photodetectors in space,having a weighted responsivity,to create what we call a computational photodetector.Computational photodetectors can be used to extract mid-level vision features as a single continuous analog signal measured via a two-pin connection.We develop computational photodetectors using thin and flexible low-noise organic photodiode arrays coupled with a self-powered wireless system to demonstrate a set of designs that capture position,orientation,direction,speed,and identification information,in a range of applications from explicit interactions on everyday surfaces to implicit activity detection.
基金The Kerman Coronary Artery Disease Risk Factors Study,phase II,was funded by the Deputy of Research and Technology at Kerman University of Medical Sciences(grant number KMU.REC.1393/310).
文摘Objectives Anxiety and depression(A&D)are common mental disorders with high economical and health burdens.This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and the incidence rate of A&D symptoms and their relationship with sociodemographic and other risk factors and comorbidities in adults living in southeastern Iran.Design A population-based cohort study with random cluster household survey sampling method.Setting Second round of Kerman Coronary Artery Disease Risk Factors Study(KERCADRS)(2014-2018)performed in Southeastern,Iran.Participants We recruited 9997 participants(15-80 years)in the second round of the study,from whom 2820 persons were the people who also participated in the first round of KERCADRS in 2009-2012.The age-standardised A&D prevalence was measured among all participants,and the 5-year A&D incidence rate was measured in those who were free from A&D in the first round in 2009-2012 and were at risk of A&D in the follow-up.The relationship between A&D and demographic characteristics,smoking,opium use,obesity and physical activity was assessed by logistic regression models.Results Overall,the prevalence of anxiety(48.1%to 16.4%,p<0.001)and depression(5.9%to 1.3%,p<0.001)decreased between the two rounds.The highest prevalence of anxiety was among widowed(31.4%),unemployed(21.3%),obese(19.4%),and opium users(17.4%).Young adults,women,those divorced or widowed,and those with obesity and low physical activity had a higher chance of developing anxiety.The 5-year incidence rate(person/1000 person-years)was 15.0 for anxiety and 3.9 for depression.Conclusion Despite the overall decrease in the prevalence of A&D symptoms in last 5 years in the area,young adults,women,unemployed,opium users,people with low physical activity and those with obesity had a higher chance of developing anxiety and are in need of more targeted interventions.
