Ad hoc networks offer promising applications due to their ease of use,installation,and deployment,as they do not require a centralized control entity.In these networks,nodes function as senders,receivers,and routers.O...Ad hoc networks offer promising applications due to their ease of use,installation,and deployment,as they do not require a centralized control entity.In these networks,nodes function as senders,receivers,and routers.One such network is the Flying Ad hoc Network(FANET),where nodes operate in three dimensions(3D)using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles(UAVs)that are remotely controlled.With the integration of the Internet of Things(IoT),these nodes form an IoT-enabled network called the Internet of UAVs(IoU).However,the airborne nodes in FANET consume high energy due to their payloads and low-power batteries.An optimal routing approach for communication is essential to address the problem of energy consumption and ensure energy-efficient data transmission in FANET.This paper proposes a novel energy-efficient routing protocol named the Integrated Energy-Efficient Distributed Link Stability Algorithm(IEE-DLSA),featuring a relay mechanism to provide optimal routing with energy efficiency in FANET.The energy efficiency of IEE-DLSA is enhanced using the Red-Black(R-B)tree to ensure the fairness of advanced energy-efficient nodes.Maintaining link stability,transmission loss avoidance,delay awareness with defined threshold metrics,and improving the overall performance of the proposed protocol are the core functionalities of IEE-DLSA.The simulations demonstrate that the proposed protocol performs well compared to traditional FANET routing protocols.The evaluation metrics considered in this study include network delay,packet delivery ratio,network throughput,transmission loss,network stability,and energy consumption.展开更多
Devices and networks constantly upgrade,leading to rapid technological evolution.Three-dimensional(3D)point cloud transmission plays a crucial role in aerial computing terminology,facilitating information exchange.Var...Devices and networks constantly upgrade,leading to rapid technological evolution.Three-dimensional(3D)point cloud transmission plays a crucial role in aerial computing terminology,facilitating information exchange.Various network types,including sensor networks and 5G mobile networks,support this transmission.Notably,Flying Ad hoc Networks(FANETs)utilize Unmanned Aerial Vehicles(UAVs)as nodes,operating in a 3D environment with Six Degrees of Freedom(6DoF).This study comprehensively surveys UAV networks,focusing on models for Light Detection and Ranging(LiDAR)3D point cloud compression/transmission.Key topics covered include autonomous navigation,challenges in video streaming infrastructure,motivations for Quality of Experience(QoE)enhancement,and avenues for future research.Additionally,the paper conducts an extensive review of UAVs,encompassing current wireless technologies,applications across various sectors,routing protocols,design considerations,security measures,blockchain applications in UAVs,contributions to healthcare systems,and integration with the Internet of Things(IoT),Artificial Intelligence(AI),Machine Learning(ML),and Deep Learning(DL).Furthermore,the paper thoroughly discusses the core contributions of LiDAR 3D point clouds in UAV systems and their future prediction along with mobility models.It also explores the prospects of UAV systems and presents state-of-the-art solutions.展开更多
The Moon,as the closest celestial body to the Earth,plays a pivotal role in the progression of deep space exploration,and the establishment of research outposts on its surface represents a crucial step in this mission...The Moon,as the closest celestial body to the Earth,plays a pivotal role in the progression of deep space exploration,and the establishment of research outposts on its surface represents a crucial step in this mission.Lunar lava tubes are special underground caves formed by volcanic eruptions and are considered as ideal natural shelters and scientific laboratories for lunar base construction.This paper begins with an in-depth overview of the geological origins,exploration history,and distribution locations of lunar lava tubes.Subsequently,it delves into the presentation of four distinctive advantages and typical concepts for constructing bases within lava tubes,summarizing the ground-based attempts made thus far in lunar lava tube base construction.Field studies conducted on a lava tube in Hainan revealed rock compositions similar to those found during the Apollo missions and clear lava tube structures,making it a promising analog site.Lastly,the challenges and opportunities encountered in the field of geotechnical engineering regarding the establishment of lunar lava tube bases are discussed,encompassing cave exploration technologies,in-situ testing methods,geomechanical properties under lunar extreme environments,base design and structural stability assessment,excavation and reinforcement techniques,and simulated Earth-based lava tube base.展开更多
Numerous wireless networks have emerged that can be used for short communication ranges where the infrastructure-based networks may fail because of their installation and cost.One of them is a sensor network with embe...Numerous wireless networks have emerged that can be used for short communication ranges where the infrastructure-based networks may fail because of their installation and cost.One of them is a sensor network with embedded sensors working as the primary nodes,termed Wireless Sensor Networks(WSNs),in which numerous sensors are connected to at least one Base Station(BS).These sensors gather information from the environment and transmit it to a BS or gathering location.WSNs have several challenges,including throughput,energy usage,and network lifetime concerns.Different strategies have been applied to get over these restrictions.Clustering may,therefore,be thought of as the best way to solve such issues.Consequently,it is crucial to analyze effective Cluster Head(CH)selection to maximize efficiency throughput,extend the network lifetime,and minimize energy consumption.This paper proposed an Accelerated Particle Swarm Optimization(APSO)algorithm based on the Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy(LEACH),Neighboring Based Energy Efficient Routing(NBEER),Cooperative Energy Efficient Routing(CEER),and Cooperative Relay Neighboring Based Energy Efficient Routing(CR-NBEER)techniques.With the help of APSO in the implementation of the WSN,the main methodology of this article has taken place.The simulation findings in this study demonstrated that the suggested approach uses less energy,with respective energy consumption ranges of 0.1441 to 0.013 for 5 CH,1.003 to 0.0521 for 10 CH,and 0.1734 to 0.0911 for 15 CH.The sending packets ratio was also raised for all three CH selection scenarios,increasing from 659 to 1730.The number of dead nodes likewise dropped for the given combination,falling between 71 and 66.The network lifetime was deemed to have risen based on the results found.A hybrid with a few valuable parameters can further improve the suggested APSO-based protocol.Similar to underwater,WSN can make use of the proposed protocol.The overall results have been evaluated and compared with the existing approaches of sensor networks.展开更多
The paper presents a new protocol called Link Stability and Transmission Delay Aware(LSTDA)for Flying Adhoc Network(FANET)with a focus on network corridors(NC).FANET consists of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles(UAVs)that face...The paper presents a new protocol called Link Stability and Transmission Delay Aware(LSTDA)for Flying Adhoc Network(FANET)with a focus on network corridors(NC).FANET consists of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles(UAVs)that face challenges in avoiding transmission loss and delay while ensuring stable communication.The proposed protocol introduces a novel link stability with network corridors priority node selection to check and ensure fair communication in the entire network.The protocol uses a Red-Black(R-B)tree to achieve maximum channel utilization and an advanced relay approach.The paper evaluates LSTDA in terms of End-to-End Delay(E2ED),Packet Delivery Ratio(PDR),Network Lifetime(NLT),and Transmission Loss(TL),and compares it with existing methods such as Link Stability Estimation-based Routing(LEPR),Distributed Priority Tree-based Routing(DPTR),and Delay and Link Stability Aware(DLSA)using MATLAB simulations.The results show that LSTDA outperforms the other protocols,with lower average delay,higher average PDR,longer average NLT,and comparable average TL.展开更多
The most important aspect of every civil engineering project is acquiring reliable information on the ground on which the project will be constructed. This research includes a site investigation, which is seen as a pr...The most important aspect of every civil engineering project is acquiring reliable information on the ground on which the project will be constructed. This research includes a site investigation, which is seen as a primary stage in gathering geological, geotechnical, and other essential engineering data for structures’ safe and cost-effective design. Five boreholes at well-spaced spots were drilled for subsurface investigation at a maximum depth of 15 m to 30 m. The standard penetration tests (SPT) were performed at different depths, soil samples were taken at various intervals, and lithological changes were observed. The friction angle was between 19.6ºand 33.03º, whereas the cohesion ranges between 0.25 kg/cm<sup>2</sup> and 0.42 kg/cm<sup>2</sup>, indicating a strong resistance to shearing and a high capacity to sustain the load. Furthermore, the soil samples’ maximum dry density ranges from 1.63 g/cm<sup>3</sup> to 1.80 g/cm<sup>3</sup>. In addition, water table depths were recorded from 6.0 m to 7.0 m. The net bearing capacity for isolated/pad foundation at a depth of 1.5 m to 2.5 m below the ground level has been calculated as 95.0 to 120.0 kPa and 120.0 to 180.0 kPa for raft foundation. The net allowable pressure settlement limits for isolated/pad and raft foundations are 25 mm (1-inch) and 50 mm (2-inches), respectively. The investigation has found no severe geological flaws on the proposed construction site, and therefore it is appropriate for the construction of an Air Separation Unit (ASU) Oxygen Plant.展开更多
Digital surveillance systems are ubiquitous and continuously generate massive amounts of data,and manual monitoring is required in order to recognise human activities in public areas.Intelligent surveillance systems t...Digital surveillance systems are ubiquitous and continuously generate massive amounts of data,and manual monitoring is required in order to recognise human activities in public areas.Intelligent surveillance systems that can automatically identify normal and abnormal activities are highly desirable,as these would allow for efficient monitoring by selecting only those camera feeds in which abnormal activities are occurring.This paper proposes an energy-efficient camera prioritisation framework that intelligently adjusts the priority of cameras in a vast surveillance network using feedback from the activity recognition system.The proposed system addresses the limitations of existing manual monitoring surveillance systems using a three-step framework.In the first step,the salient frames are selected from the online video stream using a frame differencing method.A lightweight 3D convolutional neural network(3DCNN)architecture is applied to extract spatio-temporal features from the salient frames in the second step.Finally,the probabilities predicted by the 3DCNN network and the metadata of the cameras are processed using a linear threshold gate sigmoid mechanism to control the priority of the camera.The proposed system performs well compared to state-of-theart violent activity recognition methods in terms of efficient camera prioritisation in large-scale surveillance networks.Comprehensive experiments and an evaluation of activity recognition and camera prioritisation showed that our approach achieved an accuracy of 98%with an F1-score of 0.97 on the Hockey Fight dataset,and an accuracy of 99%with an F1-score of 0.98 on the Violent Crowd dataset.展开更多
Infectious bursal disease(IBD),caused by IBD virus(IBDV),is one of the most devastating and immunosuppressive diseases of the poultry and has been a constraint on the sustainable poultry production around the globe in...Infectious bursal disease(IBD),caused by IBD virus(IBDV),is one of the most devastating and immunosuppressive diseases of the poultry and has been a constraint on the sustainable poultry production around the globe including Pakistan.While the disease is threatening the poulty industry,the nature of predominant strains of IBDV in Pakistan remained l-defined.In this study,an epidemiology survey was conducted in the main chicken-farming regions of Pakistan.The batch of Pakistan IBDVs genes simultaneously covering both VP1 and VP2 were amplified,sequenced,and analyzed.The unique segment-reassortant IBDVs(vv-A/Uniq-B),carrying segmentA from vvIBDV and segment B from one unique ancestor,were identifed as one important type of circulating strains in Pakistan.The data also discovered the characteristic molecular features of Pakistan IBDVs,which will contribute to scientific vaccine selection and effective prevention of the disease.展开更多
Development of fingerprints based on DNA markers is necessary for proper identification and standardization of plant species. These techniques are widely used to develop an unquestionable method of plant identificatio...Development of fingerprints based on DNA markers is necessary for proper identification and standardization of plant species. These techniques are widely used to develop an unquestionable method of plant identification to protect the patents and quality control for industry. In this study, fifteen commercially important medicinal plants of Pakistan were collected from botanical garden of Qarshi Industries (Pvt.) Ltd, Pakistan. The objective was to optimize the extraction of genomic DNA for use in a PCR-based random amplified polymorphic DNA marker approach. The initial protocol used 60 decamers to amplify scorable amplicons;only nine markers produced significant bands in genomic DNA of medicinal plants. These markers generated 51 bands ranging between 250 and 1600 bp. The most important property of genomic markers is polymorphism to enable specific identification;all the used markers showed 100% polymorphism across 15 different plants. Further, six decamers amplified specific bands to reliably identify 8 species. The amplified bands were arranged in a binary matrix and analyzed by DNAMAN version 5.2.2 statistical software. A homology tree was constructed using binary data for nine markers, and four major clusters/clades were observed. The Rose, Mentha and Stevia accessions had shown clear clustering and grouped in major clusters/clads I, II and III respectively. Sixty decamers amplified 51 polymorphic loci in the genomes of 15 commercially valuable accessions. Moreover clear phylogenetic construction was observed in the generation of homolog tree. This protocol could therefore be useful to provide a baseline to authenticate, identify and perform phylogenetic analysis of important medicinal plants used in the Pakistani herbal medicine industry.展开更多
The aim of this paper is to present a numerical study of oscillatory motion of Oldroyd-B fluid in a uniform magnetic field through a small circular pipe. First, we derive the orientation stress tensor by considering t...The aim of this paper is to present a numerical study of oscillatory motion of Oldroyd-B fluid in a uniform magnetic field through a small circular pipe. First, we derive the orientation stress tensor by considering the Brownian force. Then, the orientation stress tensor is incorporated by taking Hookean dumbbells on Brownian configuration fields in the Oldroyd-B model. The Oldroyd-B model is then reformulated coupled with the momentum equation and the total stress tensor. Finally, we analyze the orientation stress tensor in the pipe by the numerical simulations of the model and showed that the effect of orientation stress tensor is considerable although the Brownian force is sufficiently small.展开更多
Dear Editor,Infectious bursal disease (IBD) is one of the most important diseases of the poultry. The IBD virus (IBDV), a nonenveloped virus belonging to the Birnaviridae family with a genome consisting of two segment...Dear Editor,Infectious bursal disease (IBD) is one of the most important diseases of the poultry. The IBD virus (IBDV), a nonenveloped virus belonging to the Birnaviridae family with a genome consisting of two segments of double-stranded RNA (segments A and B), targets B lymphocytes of bursa of Fabricious leading to immunosuppression. In Pakistan,poultry farming is the second biggest industry and IBD is the second biggest disease threating the poultry sector.However.展开更多
基金supported in part by the Chongqing Natural Science Foundation Innovation and Development Joint Foundation(No.CSTB2024NSCQ-LZX0035)Science and Technology Research Project of Chongqing Education Commission(No.KJZD-M202300605)+4 种基金Nanning“Yongjiang Plan”Youth Talent Project(RC20230107)Special General Project for Chongqing’s TechNological Innovation and Application Development(CSTB2022TIAD-GPX0028)Chongqing Natural Science Foundation Project(CSTB2022NSCQ-MSX0230)supported by Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University Researchers Supporting Project Number(PNURSP2024R 343)Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University,Riyadh,Saudi Arabia and the authors extend their appreciation to the Deanship of Scientific Research at Northern Border University,Arar,Kingdom of Saudi Arabia,for funding this research work through the Project Number“NBU-FFR2024-1092-07”.
文摘Ad hoc networks offer promising applications due to their ease of use,installation,and deployment,as they do not require a centralized control entity.In these networks,nodes function as senders,receivers,and routers.One such network is the Flying Ad hoc Network(FANET),where nodes operate in three dimensions(3D)using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles(UAVs)that are remotely controlled.With the integration of the Internet of Things(IoT),these nodes form an IoT-enabled network called the Internet of UAVs(IoU).However,the airborne nodes in FANET consume high energy due to their payloads and low-power batteries.An optimal routing approach for communication is essential to address the problem of energy consumption and ensure energy-efficient data transmission in FANET.This paper proposes a novel energy-efficient routing protocol named the Integrated Energy-Efficient Distributed Link Stability Algorithm(IEE-DLSA),featuring a relay mechanism to provide optimal routing with energy efficiency in FANET.The energy efficiency of IEE-DLSA is enhanced using the Red-Black(R-B)tree to ensure the fairness of advanced energy-efficient nodes.Maintaining link stability,transmission loss avoidance,delay awareness with defined threshold metrics,and improving the overall performance of the proposed protocol are the core functionalities of IEE-DLSA.The simulations demonstrate that the proposed protocol performs well compared to traditional FANET routing protocols.The evaluation metrics considered in this study include network delay,packet delivery ratio,network throughput,transmission loss,network stability,and energy consumption.
基金supported by the Researchers Supporting Project number(RSP2024R395),King Saud University,Riyadh,Saudi Arabia.
文摘Devices and networks constantly upgrade,leading to rapid technological evolution.Three-dimensional(3D)point cloud transmission plays a crucial role in aerial computing terminology,facilitating information exchange.Various network types,including sensor networks and 5G mobile networks,support this transmission.Notably,Flying Ad hoc Networks(FANETs)utilize Unmanned Aerial Vehicles(UAVs)as nodes,operating in a 3D environment with Six Degrees of Freedom(6DoF).This study comprehensively surveys UAV networks,focusing on models for Light Detection and Ranging(LiDAR)3D point cloud compression/transmission.Key topics covered include autonomous navigation,challenges in video streaming infrastructure,motivations for Quality of Experience(QoE)enhancement,and avenues for future research.Additionally,the paper conducts an extensive review of UAVs,encompassing current wireless technologies,applications across various sectors,routing protocols,design considerations,security measures,blockchain applications in UAVs,contributions to healthcare systems,and integration with the Internet of Things(IoT),Artificial Intelligence(AI),Machine Learning(ML),and Deep Learning(DL).Furthermore,the paper thoroughly discusses the core contributions of LiDAR 3D point clouds in UAV systems and their future prediction along with mobility models.It also explores the prospects of UAV systems and presents state-of-the-art solutions.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52125903 and 52339001).
文摘The Moon,as the closest celestial body to the Earth,plays a pivotal role in the progression of deep space exploration,and the establishment of research outposts on its surface represents a crucial step in this mission.Lunar lava tubes are special underground caves formed by volcanic eruptions and are considered as ideal natural shelters and scientific laboratories for lunar base construction.This paper begins with an in-depth overview of the geological origins,exploration history,and distribution locations of lunar lava tubes.Subsequently,it delves into the presentation of four distinctive advantages and typical concepts for constructing bases within lava tubes,summarizing the ground-based attempts made thus far in lunar lava tube base construction.Field studies conducted on a lava tube in Hainan revealed rock compositions similar to those found during the Apollo missions and clear lava tube structures,making it a promising analog site.Lastly,the challenges and opportunities encountered in the field of geotechnical engineering regarding the establishment of lunar lava tube bases are discussed,encompassing cave exploration technologies,in-situ testing methods,geomechanical properties under lunar extreme environments,base design and structural stability assessment,excavation and reinforcement techniques,and simulated Earth-based lava tube base.
文摘Numerous wireless networks have emerged that can be used for short communication ranges where the infrastructure-based networks may fail because of their installation and cost.One of them is a sensor network with embedded sensors working as the primary nodes,termed Wireless Sensor Networks(WSNs),in which numerous sensors are connected to at least one Base Station(BS).These sensors gather information from the environment and transmit it to a BS or gathering location.WSNs have several challenges,including throughput,energy usage,and network lifetime concerns.Different strategies have been applied to get over these restrictions.Clustering may,therefore,be thought of as the best way to solve such issues.Consequently,it is crucial to analyze effective Cluster Head(CH)selection to maximize efficiency throughput,extend the network lifetime,and minimize energy consumption.This paper proposed an Accelerated Particle Swarm Optimization(APSO)algorithm based on the Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy(LEACH),Neighboring Based Energy Efficient Routing(NBEER),Cooperative Energy Efficient Routing(CEER),and Cooperative Relay Neighboring Based Energy Efficient Routing(CR-NBEER)techniques.With the help of APSO in the implementation of the WSN,the main methodology of this article has taken place.The simulation findings in this study demonstrated that the suggested approach uses less energy,with respective energy consumption ranges of 0.1441 to 0.013 for 5 CH,1.003 to 0.0521 for 10 CH,and 0.1734 to 0.0911 for 15 CH.The sending packets ratio was also raised for all three CH selection scenarios,increasing from 659 to 1730.The number of dead nodes likewise dropped for the given combination,falling between 71 and 66.The network lifetime was deemed to have risen based on the results found.A hybrid with a few valuable parameters can further improve the suggested APSO-based protocol.Similar to underwater,WSN can make use of the proposed protocol.The overall results have been evaluated and compared with the existing approaches of sensor networks.
基金supported in part by the Office of Research and Sponsored Programs,Kean University,the RIF Activity Code 23009 of Zayed University,UAE,and the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant 62172366.
文摘The paper presents a new protocol called Link Stability and Transmission Delay Aware(LSTDA)for Flying Adhoc Network(FANET)with a focus on network corridors(NC).FANET consists of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles(UAVs)that face challenges in avoiding transmission loss and delay while ensuring stable communication.The proposed protocol introduces a novel link stability with network corridors priority node selection to check and ensure fair communication in the entire network.The protocol uses a Red-Black(R-B)tree to achieve maximum channel utilization and an advanced relay approach.The paper evaluates LSTDA in terms of End-to-End Delay(E2ED),Packet Delivery Ratio(PDR),Network Lifetime(NLT),and Transmission Loss(TL),and compares it with existing methods such as Link Stability Estimation-based Routing(LEPR),Distributed Priority Tree-based Routing(DPTR),and Delay and Link Stability Aware(DLSA)using MATLAB simulations.The results show that LSTDA outperforms the other protocols,with lower average delay,higher average PDR,longer average NLT,and comparable average TL.
文摘The most important aspect of every civil engineering project is acquiring reliable information on the ground on which the project will be constructed. This research includes a site investigation, which is seen as a primary stage in gathering geological, geotechnical, and other essential engineering data for structures’ safe and cost-effective design. Five boreholes at well-spaced spots were drilled for subsurface investigation at a maximum depth of 15 m to 30 m. The standard penetration tests (SPT) were performed at different depths, soil samples were taken at various intervals, and lithological changes were observed. The friction angle was between 19.6ºand 33.03º, whereas the cohesion ranges between 0.25 kg/cm<sup>2</sup> and 0.42 kg/cm<sup>2</sup>, indicating a strong resistance to shearing and a high capacity to sustain the load. Furthermore, the soil samples’ maximum dry density ranges from 1.63 g/cm<sup>3</sup> to 1.80 g/cm<sup>3</sup>. In addition, water table depths were recorded from 6.0 m to 7.0 m. The net bearing capacity for isolated/pad foundation at a depth of 1.5 m to 2.5 m below the ground level has been calculated as 95.0 to 120.0 kPa and 120.0 to 180.0 kPa for raft foundation. The net allowable pressure settlement limits for isolated/pad and raft foundations are 25 mm (1-inch) and 50 mm (2-inches), respectively. The investigation has found no severe geological flaws on the proposed construction site, and therefore it is appropriate for the construction of an Air Separation Unit (ASU) Oxygen Plant.
基金Institute of Information&communications Technology Planning&Evaluation(IITP)grant funded by the Korea government(MSIT)(2019-0-00136,Development of AI-Convergence Technologies for Smart City Industry Productivity Innovation).
文摘Digital surveillance systems are ubiquitous and continuously generate massive amounts of data,and manual monitoring is required in order to recognise human activities in public areas.Intelligent surveillance systems that can automatically identify normal and abnormal activities are highly desirable,as these would allow for efficient monitoring by selecting only those camera feeds in which abnormal activities are occurring.This paper proposes an energy-efficient camera prioritisation framework that intelligently adjusts the priority of cameras in a vast surveillance network using feedback from the activity recognition system.The proposed system addresses the limitations of existing manual monitoring surveillance systems using a three-step framework.In the first step,the salient frames are selected from the online video stream using a frame differencing method.A lightweight 3D convolutional neural network(3DCNN)architecture is applied to extract spatio-temporal features from the salient frames in the second step.Finally,the probabilities predicted by the 3DCNN network and the metadata of the cameras are processed using a linear threshold gate sigmoid mechanism to control the priority of the camera.The proposed system performs well compared to state-of-theart violent activity recognition methods in terms of efficient camera prioritisation in large-scale surveillance networks.Comprehensive experiments and an evaluation of activity recognition and camera prioritisation showed that our approach achieved an accuracy of 98%with an F1-score of 0.97 on the Hockey Fight dataset,and an accuracy of 99%with an F1-score of 0.98 on the Violent Crowd dataset.
基金This work was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2016YFE0203200,2017YFD0500704)the Heilongjiang Province Foundation for the National Key Research and Development Program of China(GX18B011)+1 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31430087)the earmarked fund for the China Agriculture Research System(CARS-41-G15).
文摘Infectious bursal disease(IBD),caused by IBD virus(IBDV),is one of the most devastating and immunosuppressive diseases of the poultry and has been a constraint on the sustainable poultry production around the globe including Pakistan.While the disease is threatening the poulty industry,the nature of predominant strains of IBDV in Pakistan remained l-defined.In this study,an epidemiology survey was conducted in the main chicken-farming regions of Pakistan.The batch of Pakistan IBDVs genes simultaneously covering both VP1 and VP2 were amplified,sequenced,and analyzed.The unique segment-reassortant IBDVs(vv-A/Uniq-B),carrying segmentA from vvIBDV and segment B from one unique ancestor,were identifed as one important type of circulating strains in Pakistan.The data also discovered the characteristic molecular features of Pakistan IBDVs,which will contribute to scientific vaccine selection and effective prevention of the disease.
文摘Development of fingerprints based on DNA markers is necessary for proper identification and standardization of plant species. These techniques are widely used to develop an unquestionable method of plant identification to protect the patents and quality control for industry. In this study, fifteen commercially important medicinal plants of Pakistan were collected from botanical garden of Qarshi Industries (Pvt.) Ltd, Pakistan. The objective was to optimize the extraction of genomic DNA for use in a PCR-based random amplified polymorphic DNA marker approach. The initial protocol used 60 decamers to amplify scorable amplicons;only nine markers produced significant bands in genomic DNA of medicinal plants. These markers generated 51 bands ranging between 250 and 1600 bp. The most important property of genomic markers is polymorphism to enable specific identification;all the used markers showed 100% polymorphism across 15 different plants. Further, six decamers amplified specific bands to reliably identify 8 species. The amplified bands were arranged in a binary matrix and analyzed by DNAMAN version 5.2.2 statistical software. A homology tree was constructed using binary data for nine markers, and four major clusters/clades were observed. The Rose, Mentha and Stevia accessions had shown clear clustering and grouped in major clusters/clads I, II and III respectively. Sixty decamers amplified 51 polymorphic loci in the genomes of 15 commercially valuable accessions. Moreover clear phylogenetic construction was observed in the generation of homolog tree. This protocol could therefore be useful to provide a baseline to authenticate, identify and perform phylogenetic analysis of important medicinal plants used in the Pakistani herbal medicine industry.
文摘The aim of this paper is to present a numerical study of oscillatory motion of Oldroyd-B fluid in a uniform magnetic field through a small circular pipe. First, we derive the orientation stress tensor by considering the Brownian force. Then, the orientation stress tensor is incorporated by taking Hookean dumbbells on Brownian configuration fields in the Oldroyd-B model. The Oldroyd-B model is then reformulated coupled with the momentum equation and the total stress tensor. Finally, we analyze the orientation stress tensor in the pipe by the numerical simulations of the model and showed that the effect of orientation stress tensor is considerable although the Brownian force is sufficiently small.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (Nos. 2016YFE0203200, 2017YFD0500704)the Major Project of National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 31430087)the Modern Agro-industry Technology Research System (No. CARS-41-G15)
文摘Dear Editor,Infectious bursal disease (IBD) is one of the most important diseases of the poultry. The IBD virus (IBDV), a nonenveloped virus belonging to the Birnaviridae family with a genome consisting of two segments of double-stranded RNA (segments A and B), targets B lymphocytes of bursa of Fabricious leading to immunosuppression. In Pakistan,poultry farming is the second biggest industry and IBD is the second biggest disease threating the poultry sector.However.
