This paper provides a summary of the objectives and principles which underpin the 2004 edition of the New Zealand earthquake design standard, AS/NZS 1170 Part 5. As with many modern earthquake design standards, the Ne...This paper provides a summary of the objectives and principles which underpin the 2004 edition of the New Zealand earthquake design standard, AS/NZS 1170 Part 5. As with many modern earthquake design standards, the New Zealand earthquake design standard recognizes that earthquake resistant design that only addresses life safety goals without addressing both operational continuity of essential facilities and damage control, falls short of public expectations. Such standards not longer meet societal expectations. The paper outlines how these issues have been addressed within New Zealand, and some of the issues addressed when preparing appendices to the standard to provide guidance for materials standard writers to ensure consistency with the proposed approach. Recognizing the significance of non-structural components and parts of buildings in both damage control and operational continuity has been an important step forward in attaining the performance levels required.展开更多
Background: The universal goniometer is commonly used to measure knee range of movement in clinical practice. However, research has demonstrated that the universal goniometer lacks reliability failing to meet the stan...Background: The universal goniometer is commonly used to measure knee range of movement in clinical practice. However, research has demonstrated that the universal goniometer lacks reliability failing to meet the standard of clinically acceptable error (5°). Objective: This study tested the concurrent validity and intra-rater reliability of a photographic based “app” developed for feedback in sport, the Hudl Ubersense App, as an alternative instrument for measuring knee range of movement. Methods: Measurements of knee range of movement were made concurrently with the electrogoniometer (the gold standard) and the Hudl Ubersense App across a pre-determined randomised set of 20 functional knee angles between 35° and 130°. This was then repeated. The pre-agreed standard of concurrent validity was that 95% of Hudl Ubersense App measurements would be within 5° of the electrogoniometer and differences were displayed in Bland-Altman plots. Results: Thirty nine (97%) of the forty app readings differed from the corresponding electrogoniometer readings by less than 5°. The mean differences between the electrogoniometer and Hudl Ubersense App measurements over each trial were 1.75° and 0.80° respectively, indicating a high level of concurrent validity. There was less than 1.0° mean difference between the first and second set of results indicating a high level of intra-rater reliability. Conclusions: The results suggest that the Hudl Ubersense App has high levels of concurrent validity (using the electrogoniometer as the gold standard) and intra-rater reliability, scoring better than previous research on the current clinical measuring device, the universal goniometer. The Hudl Ubersense App has clinical advantages over the electrogoniometer, so further research is recommended to determine its inter-rater reliability, acceptability, and appropriate clinical practice procedures.展开更多
文摘This paper provides a summary of the objectives and principles which underpin the 2004 edition of the New Zealand earthquake design standard, AS/NZS 1170 Part 5. As with many modern earthquake design standards, the New Zealand earthquake design standard recognizes that earthquake resistant design that only addresses life safety goals without addressing both operational continuity of essential facilities and damage control, falls short of public expectations. Such standards not longer meet societal expectations. The paper outlines how these issues have been addressed within New Zealand, and some of the issues addressed when preparing appendices to the standard to provide guidance for materials standard writers to ensure consistency with the proposed approach. Recognizing the significance of non-structural components and parts of buildings in both damage control and operational continuity has been an important step forward in attaining the performance levels required.
文摘Background: The universal goniometer is commonly used to measure knee range of movement in clinical practice. However, research has demonstrated that the universal goniometer lacks reliability failing to meet the standard of clinically acceptable error (5°). Objective: This study tested the concurrent validity and intra-rater reliability of a photographic based “app” developed for feedback in sport, the Hudl Ubersense App, as an alternative instrument for measuring knee range of movement. Methods: Measurements of knee range of movement were made concurrently with the electrogoniometer (the gold standard) and the Hudl Ubersense App across a pre-determined randomised set of 20 functional knee angles between 35° and 130°. This was then repeated. The pre-agreed standard of concurrent validity was that 95% of Hudl Ubersense App measurements would be within 5° of the electrogoniometer and differences were displayed in Bland-Altman plots. Results: Thirty nine (97%) of the forty app readings differed from the corresponding electrogoniometer readings by less than 5°. The mean differences between the electrogoniometer and Hudl Ubersense App measurements over each trial were 1.75° and 0.80° respectively, indicating a high level of concurrent validity. There was less than 1.0° mean difference between the first and second set of results indicating a high level of intra-rater reliability. Conclusions: The results suggest that the Hudl Ubersense App has high levels of concurrent validity (using the electrogoniometer as the gold standard) and intra-rater reliability, scoring better than previous research on the current clinical measuring device, the universal goniometer. The Hudl Ubersense App has clinical advantages over the electrogoniometer, so further research is recommended to determine its inter-rater reliability, acceptability, and appropriate clinical practice procedures.
