In this study a carrier-free dry powder inhalation(DPI)containing L-arginine(ARG)was developed.As such,it is proposed that ARG could be used for adjunctive treatment of cystic fibrosis and/or tuberculosis.Various proc...In this study a carrier-free dry powder inhalation(DPI)containing L-arginine(ARG)was developed.As such,it is proposed that ARG could be used for adjunctive treatment of cystic fibrosis and/or tuberculosis.Various processing methods were used to manufacture highdose formulation batches consisting various amounts of ARG and excipients.The formulations were evaluated using several analytical methods to assess suitability for further investigation.Several batches had enhanced in vitro aerolization properties.Significant future challenges include the highly hygroscopic nature of unformulated ARG powder and identifying the scale of dose of ARG required to achieve the response in lungs.展开更多
Background Tuberculosis(TB)is of high public health importance in Malaysia.Sabah State,located on the island of Borneo,has previously reported a particularly high burden of disease and faces unique contextual challeng...Background Tuberculosis(TB)is of high public health importance in Malaysia.Sabah State,located on the island of Borneo,has previously reported a particularly high burden of disease and faces unique contextual challenges compared with peninsular Malaysia.The aim of this study is to describe the epidemiology of TB in Sabah to identify risk groups and hotspots of TB transmission.Methods We conducted a retrospective review of TB cases notified in Sabah,Malaysia,between 2012 and 2018.Using data from the state’s‘myTB’notification database,we calculated the case notification rate and described trends in the epidemiology,diagnostic practices and treatment outcomes of TB in Sabah within this period.The Chi-squared test was used for determining the difference between two proportions.Results Between 2012 and 2018 there were 33193 cases of TB reported in Sabah(128 cases per 100000 population).We identified several geographic hotspots,including districts with>200 cases per 100000 population per year.TB rates increased with age and were highest in older males.Children<15 years accounted for only 4.6%of cases.Moderate or advanced disease on chest X-ray and sputum smear positivity was high(58 and 81%of cases respectively),suggesting frequent late diagnosis.Multi-drug resistant(MDR)TB prevalence was low(0.3%of TB cases),however,rapid diagnostic test coverage was low(1.2%)and only 18%of all cases had a positive culture result.Treatment success was 83%(range:81–85%)in those with drug-sensitive TB and 36%(range:25–45%)in cases of MDR-TB.Conclusion Between 2012 and 2018,TB notifications in Sabah State equated to 20%of Malaysia’s total TB notifications,despite Sabah representing only 10%of Malaysia’s population.We found hotspots of TB in urbanised population hubs and points of migration,as well as evidence of late presentation and diagnosis.Ensuring universal health coverage and expansion of GeneXpert®coverage is recommended to reduce barriers to care and early diagnosis and treatment for TB.展开更多
基金The Finnish Cultural Foundation and The Emil Aaltonen Foundation for the financial support.
文摘In this study a carrier-free dry powder inhalation(DPI)containing L-arginine(ARG)was developed.As such,it is proposed that ARG could be used for adjunctive treatment of cystic fibrosis and/or tuberculosis.Various processing methods were used to manufacture highdose formulation batches consisting various amounts of ARG and excipients.The formulations were evaluated using several analytical methods to assess suitability for further investigation.Several batches had enhanced in vitro aerolization properties.Significant future challenges include the highly hygroscopic nature of unformulated ARG powder and identifying the scale of dose of ARG required to achieve the response in lungs.
文摘Background Tuberculosis(TB)is of high public health importance in Malaysia.Sabah State,located on the island of Borneo,has previously reported a particularly high burden of disease and faces unique contextual challenges compared with peninsular Malaysia.The aim of this study is to describe the epidemiology of TB in Sabah to identify risk groups and hotspots of TB transmission.Methods We conducted a retrospective review of TB cases notified in Sabah,Malaysia,between 2012 and 2018.Using data from the state’s‘myTB’notification database,we calculated the case notification rate and described trends in the epidemiology,diagnostic practices and treatment outcomes of TB in Sabah within this period.The Chi-squared test was used for determining the difference between two proportions.Results Between 2012 and 2018 there were 33193 cases of TB reported in Sabah(128 cases per 100000 population).We identified several geographic hotspots,including districts with>200 cases per 100000 population per year.TB rates increased with age and were highest in older males.Children<15 years accounted for only 4.6%of cases.Moderate or advanced disease on chest X-ray and sputum smear positivity was high(58 and 81%of cases respectively),suggesting frequent late diagnosis.Multi-drug resistant(MDR)TB prevalence was low(0.3%of TB cases),however,rapid diagnostic test coverage was low(1.2%)and only 18%of all cases had a positive culture result.Treatment success was 83%(range:81–85%)in those with drug-sensitive TB and 36%(range:25–45%)in cases of MDR-TB.Conclusion Between 2012 and 2018,TB notifications in Sabah State equated to 20%of Malaysia’s total TB notifications,despite Sabah representing only 10%of Malaysia’s population.We found hotspots of TB in urbanised population hubs and points of migration,as well as evidence of late presentation and diagnosis.Ensuring universal health coverage and expansion of GeneXpert®coverage is recommended to reduce barriers to care and early diagnosis and treatment for TB.
