In Senegal, tomato (<i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Solanum lycopersicum</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> L.) cultivation is affected by salinity in...In Senegal, tomato (<i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Solanum lycopersicum</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> L.) cultivation is affected by salinity in many agro-ecological zones. The selection of salt tolerant varieties would be an alternative solution to enhance the production. Thus, germination and growth are studied under axenic conditions for five varieties of tomato subjected to increasing concentrations of NaCl [0, 35, 70 and 105 mM], and supplemented in an MS/2 medium for 30 days. The results reveal that salt negatively affects the evaluated parameters. The </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Rodeo</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> and </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Lady Nema </span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">varieties have the lowest final germination rates (50%) unlike the </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Mongal</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> variety (55%). These last two varieties have a decrease of 71.78% and 81.28% in the height of the stem, respectively, in the presence of NaCl at [105 mM] while that of the </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Rodeo</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> variety is 70%. The </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Xewel</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> variety has the greatest average number of leaves in the presence of [NaCl 35 mM] (4.95 leaves) and [NaCl 70 mM] (4.77 leaves). The </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Lady Nema</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> variety records the longest taproot length (2.99 cm) unlike the </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Rodeo</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> variety (2.25 cm) at [NaCl 105 mM]. The </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Ganila</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> variety reveals the highest number of secondary roots at the concentrations of [0, 35 and 105 mM] of NaCl with, respectively, 44.12, 29.25, and 4.25 roots. The </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Lady Nema</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> variety records the highest fresh weight of aerial (0.055 g) and root parts (0.014 g) and the lowest root dry weights (0.0023 g). These results allow to conclude that the </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Lady Nema </span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">and</span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> Mongal</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> varieties seem more tolerant, </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Ganila </span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">and</span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> Xewel</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> are moderately tolerant and </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Rodeo</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> is more sensitive to the presence of salt.</span>展开更多
Water is the main limiting factor in the cultivation of tomato (<i>Solanum lyco<span>persicum</span></i><span> L.) in Senegal. Thus, the selection of varieties tolerant to water st</sp...Water is the main limiting factor in the cultivation of tomato (<i>Solanum lyco<span>persicum</span></i><span> L.) in Senegal. Thus, the selection of varieties tolerant to water st</span>ress would be an alternative solution for their production. <i>In vitro </i>germination, growth, total chlorophyll and proline levels were studied in five varieties of tomato subjected to increasing osmotic pressures (0, 5, 10 and 15 kPa) thanks to the PEG-8000 incorporated in an MS/2 medium for 30 days. A strong sen<span>sitivity to water stress for <i>in vitro</i> seed germination in the <i>Rodeo</i> variety (4</span>1%) is recorded at 5 kPa and maintained at 15 kPa (20.83%) while it was only noticed at 15 kPa in the other tomato varieties. The <i>Xewel</i> and <i>Lady Nema</i> varieties obtained the smallest reductions in the number of leaves of vitroplants, with 30.79% and 27.97% at 15 kPa, respectively, and the <i>Rodeo</i> variety recorded a reduction of 35.97%. From 5 kPa, the varieties record reductions in <span>the number of secondary roots of more than 15%. The effect of osmotic pr</span>essures on decreasing the taproot height and length is not significant. The <i>Xewel </i>variety had the highest average fresh (0.483 g) and dry (0.082 g) weights of the aerial part at 15 kPa and the <i>Rodeo</i> variety </span><span style="font-family:"">had </span><span style="font-family:"">the lowest ones (0.308 g and 0.0501 g). The <i>Lady Nema</i> variety had the highest average fresh (0.171 g) and dry (0.039 g) root weights and the <i>Rodeo</i> variety</span><span style="font-family:""> had</span><span style="font-family:""> the lowest ones (0.086 and 0.020 g). The vitroplants of <i>Rodeo </i>variety recorded the highest decreases in total chlorophyll contents at all osmotic pressures and the lowest increase in proline content (53.37%) at 15 kPa. <i>A contrario</i>, the <i>Xewel</i> variety recorded the greatest increase in proline content (116.26%). Ultimately, the vitroplants of <i>Lady Nem</i>a and <i>Xewe</i>l varieties were more tolerant to water stress, the <i>Ganila </i>and<i> Mongal </i>varieties were moderately tolerant and the <i>Rodeo</i> variety was the most sensitive.展开更多
Salinity is a major problem that seriously impacts agricultural production, particularly that of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.). However, the plant has the ability to associate with Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi to b...Salinity is a major problem that seriously impacts agricultural production, particularly that of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.). However, the plant has the ability to associate with Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi to better tolerate salt stress. Thus, thanks to the extension of the AMF hyphae, the hydromineral nutrition and the tolerance to excess toxic ions (Na<sup>+</sup> and Cl<sup>-</sup>) of the plant are optimized. In this context, the contribution of AMF to the salt stress tolerance of two tomato varieties under semi-controlled conditions was studied. To do this, the frequency and intensity of mycorrhization, the relative mycorrhizal dependency, the survival rates, the aerial and root dry weights, the mineral (P, K<sup>+</sup>, Na<sup>+</sup>) and proline contents of the plants subjected to four levels of salinity [0, 70, 140 and 210 mM of NaCl] were evaluated. All the parameters assessed appeared to be dependent on the variety, the fungal strain and the NaCl concentration. With the Lady Nema variety, inoculation with the Claroideoglomus etunicatum strain at [NaCl 140 mM] resulted in the highest frequencies (54%), intensities (40.47%), and relative mycorrhizal dependencies (19.65%). This same symbiotic couple recorded high survival rates (55%) and aerial (2.03 g) and root (0.50 g) dry weights. Significant contents of K<sup>+ </sup>(Leaves: 7.5 mg⋅g<sup>-1</sup>;Roots: 4.4 mg⋅g<sup>-1</sup> of dry matter), P (Leaves: 15.15 mg⋅g-1</sup> of dry matter) and proline (975 nmoles⋅g-1</sup> of fresh matter) were also recorded by this pair, with the lowest Na<sup>+</sup> contents (Leaves: 1.93 mg⋅g-1</sup>;Roots: 0.96 mg⋅g-1</sup> of dry matter). For the Mongal variety, at [NaCl 140 mM], the highest frequencies (50.36%), intensities (35.14%) and relative mycorrhizal dependencies (43.95%) were obtained thanks to inoculation with Rhizophagus fasciculatus. The highest survival rates (59%) and aerial (2.58 g) and root (0.79 g) dry weights were also obtained with this symbiotic couple. The contents of K<sup>+</sup> (Leaves: 6.1 mg⋅g-1</sup>;Roots: 3.09 mg⋅g-1 </sup>of dry matter), P (Leaves: 12.49 mg⋅g-1</sup> of dry matter) and proline (942 nmoles⋅g-1</sup> of fresh matter) the most important and those in Na<sup>+</sup> the lowest (Leaves: 2.03 mg⋅g-1</sup>;Roots: 1.53 mg⋅g-1</sup> of dry matter) were also recorded for this same pair. Thus, the best fungal partner for the Lady Nema variety is C. etunicatum, followed by F. mosseae and R. fasciculatus, while for the Mongal variety it is R. fasciculatus, followed by C. etunicatum and F. mosseae.展开更多
In arid and semi-arid regions, the growth and development of cultivated plants, especially tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.), are severely limited by water deficit. Thus, to cope with this constraint, the plant establi...In arid and semi-arid regions, the growth and development of cultivated plants, especially tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.), are severely limited by water deficit. Thus, to cope with this constraint, the plant establishes symbiotic relationships with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in the soil whose extension of the hyphae allows a better and deeper exploration;this notably improves the hydromineral nutrition of the plant. Therefore, the choice of fungal partner becomes crucial for the establishment of a crop in water-deficient soil. In this context, the contribution of AMF to the water stress tolerance of two varieties of tomato plants was assessed under semi-controlled conditions. Parameters, such as the mycorrhizal frequency, intensity of mycorrhization, relative mycorrhizal dependency, growth, and biochemical parameters (carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and proline contents) of plants subjected to three levels of water stress (T100, T70, and T30), were evaluated. The highest frequencies and intensities of mycorrhization and relative mycorrhizal dependencies were obtained with plants of the Xewel variety inoculated with Rhizophagus fasciculatus (F: 95.24%, 88.35%, and 13.64%;M: 40.52%, 37.52%, and 11.22%;D: 23.7%, 54.4%, and 78.82%) and in those of the Lady Nema variety inoculated with Claroideoglomus etunicatum (F: 95.12%, 87.01%, and 15.25%;M: 40.66%, 37.99%, and 11.42%;D: 19.27%, 57.01%, and 70.98%), respectively at water regimes of T100, T70 and T30. These same symbiotic couples recorded, at T30, the best survival rates (+ 40%) and the higher aerial (77% and 74%) and root dry weights (80% and 59%). Plants of the Xewel variety inoculated with R. fasciculatus recorded the highest contents of carbon (T70: 30.59% and T30: 21.55%) and phosphorus (T70: 0.18% and T30: 0.17%). Plants of the Lady Nema variety recorded the highest nitrogen contents with 3.51% and 3.20%, respectively at T70 and T30. Plants of the Lady Nema variety, inoculated with C. etunicatum, also recorded the highest proline contents (572.25, 739.44, and 1165 nmoles•g<sup>−1</sup> of fresh material), followed by those of the Xewel variety inoculated with R. fasciculatus (580.36, 763.65, and 1112.11 nmoles•g<sup>−1</sup> of fresh matter), respectively at T100, T70, and T30. For the Lady Nema variety, the best fungal partner is C. etunicatum, followed by R. fasciculatus and, finally, Funneliformis mosseae. However, for the plants of the Xewel variety, R. fasciculatus is the most efficient, followed by F. mosseae and C. etunicatum. This suggests that, in tomatoes, the efficiency of mycorrhizal symbiosis under water stress conditions is not only dependent on the host plant but on both associated symbiotic partners. Hence, it is a need for screening to identify the best symbiotic couples in a stressful environment.展开更多
文摘In Senegal, tomato (<i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Solanum lycopersicum</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> L.) cultivation is affected by salinity in many agro-ecological zones. The selection of salt tolerant varieties would be an alternative solution to enhance the production. Thus, germination and growth are studied under axenic conditions for five varieties of tomato subjected to increasing concentrations of NaCl [0, 35, 70 and 105 mM], and supplemented in an MS/2 medium for 30 days. The results reveal that salt negatively affects the evaluated parameters. The </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Rodeo</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> and </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Lady Nema </span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">varieties have the lowest final germination rates (50%) unlike the </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Mongal</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> variety (55%). These last two varieties have a decrease of 71.78% and 81.28% in the height of the stem, respectively, in the presence of NaCl at [105 mM] while that of the </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Rodeo</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> variety is 70%. The </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Xewel</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> variety has the greatest average number of leaves in the presence of [NaCl 35 mM] (4.95 leaves) and [NaCl 70 mM] (4.77 leaves). The </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Lady Nema</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> variety records the longest taproot length (2.99 cm) unlike the </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Rodeo</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> variety (2.25 cm) at [NaCl 105 mM]. The </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Ganila</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> variety reveals the highest number of secondary roots at the concentrations of [0, 35 and 105 mM] of NaCl with, respectively, 44.12, 29.25, and 4.25 roots. The </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Lady Nema</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> variety records the highest fresh weight of aerial (0.055 g) and root parts (0.014 g) and the lowest root dry weights (0.0023 g). These results allow to conclude that the </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Lady Nema </span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">and</span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> Mongal</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> varieties seem more tolerant, </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Ganila </span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">and</span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> Xewel</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> are moderately tolerant and </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Rodeo</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> is more sensitive to the presence of salt.</span>
文摘Water is the main limiting factor in the cultivation of tomato (<i>Solanum lyco<span>persicum</span></i><span> L.) in Senegal. Thus, the selection of varieties tolerant to water st</span>ress would be an alternative solution for their production. <i>In vitro </i>germination, growth, total chlorophyll and proline levels were studied in five varieties of tomato subjected to increasing osmotic pressures (0, 5, 10 and 15 kPa) thanks to the PEG-8000 incorporated in an MS/2 medium for 30 days. A strong sen<span>sitivity to water stress for <i>in vitro</i> seed germination in the <i>Rodeo</i> variety (4</span>1%) is recorded at 5 kPa and maintained at 15 kPa (20.83%) while it was only noticed at 15 kPa in the other tomato varieties. The <i>Xewel</i> and <i>Lady Nema</i> varieties obtained the smallest reductions in the number of leaves of vitroplants, with 30.79% and 27.97% at 15 kPa, respectively, and the <i>Rodeo</i> variety recorded a reduction of 35.97%. From 5 kPa, the varieties record reductions in <span>the number of secondary roots of more than 15%. The effect of osmotic pr</span>essures on decreasing the taproot height and length is not significant. The <i>Xewel </i>variety had the highest average fresh (0.483 g) and dry (0.082 g) weights of the aerial part at 15 kPa and the <i>Rodeo</i> variety </span><span style="font-family:"">had </span><span style="font-family:"">the lowest ones (0.308 g and 0.0501 g). The <i>Lady Nema</i> variety had the highest average fresh (0.171 g) and dry (0.039 g) root weights and the <i>Rodeo</i> variety</span><span style="font-family:""> had</span><span style="font-family:""> the lowest ones (0.086 and 0.020 g). The vitroplants of <i>Rodeo </i>variety recorded the highest decreases in total chlorophyll contents at all osmotic pressures and the lowest increase in proline content (53.37%) at 15 kPa. <i>A contrario</i>, the <i>Xewel</i> variety recorded the greatest increase in proline content (116.26%). Ultimately, the vitroplants of <i>Lady Nem</i>a and <i>Xewe</i>l varieties were more tolerant to water stress, the <i>Ganila </i>and<i> Mongal </i>varieties were moderately tolerant and the <i>Rodeo</i> variety was the most sensitive.
文摘Salinity is a major problem that seriously impacts agricultural production, particularly that of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.). However, the plant has the ability to associate with Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi to better tolerate salt stress. Thus, thanks to the extension of the AMF hyphae, the hydromineral nutrition and the tolerance to excess toxic ions (Na<sup>+</sup> and Cl<sup>-</sup>) of the plant are optimized. In this context, the contribution of AMF to the salt stress tolerance of two tomato varieties under semi-controlled conditions was studied. To do this, the frequency and intensity of mycorrhization, the relative mycorrhizal dependency, the survival rates, the aerial and root dry weights, the mineral (P, K<sup>+</sup>, Na<sup>+</sup>) and proline contents of the plants subjected to four levels of salinity [0, 70, 140 and 210 mM of NaCl] were evaluated. All the parameters assessed appeared to be dependent on the variety, the fungal strain and the NaCl concentration. With the Lady Nema variety, inoculation with the Claroideoglomus etunicatum strain at [NaCl 140 mM] resulted in the highest frequencies (54%), intensities (40.47%), and relative mycorrhizal dependencies (19.65%). This same symbiotic couple recorded high survival rates (55%) and aerial (2.03 g) and root (0.50 g) dry weights. Significant contents of K<sup>+ </sup>(Leaves: 7.5 mg⋅g<sup>-1</sup>;Roots: 4.4 mg⋅g<sup>-1</sup> of dry matter), P (Leaves: 15.15 mg⋅g-1</sup> of dry matter) and proline (975 nmoles⋅g-1</sup> of fresh matter) were also recorded by this pair, with the lowest Na<sup>+</sup> contents (Leaves: 1.93 mg⋅g-1</sup>;Roots: 0.96 mg⋅g-1</sup> of dry matter). For the Mongal variety, at [NaCl 140 mM], the highest frequencies (50.36%), intensities (35.14%) and relative mycorrhizal dependencies (43.95%) were obtained thanks to inoculation with Rhizophagus fasciculatus. The highest survival rates (59%) and aerial (2.58 g) and root (0.79 g) dry weights were also obtained with this symbiotic couple. The contents of K<sup>+</sup> (Leaves: 6.1 mg⋅g-1</sup>;Roots: 3.09 mg⋅g-1 </sup>of dry matter), P (Leaves: 12.49 mg⋅g-1</sup> of dry matter) and proline (942 nmoles⋅g-1</sup> of fresh matter) the most important and those in Na<sup>+</sup> the lowest (Leaves: 2.03 mg⋅g-1</sup>;Roots: 1.53 mg⋅g-1</sup> of dry matter) were also recorded for this same pair. Thus, the best fungal partner for the Lady Nema variety is C. etunicatum, followed by F. mosseae and R. fasciculatus, while for the Mongal variety it is R. fasciculatus, followed by C. etunicatum and F. mosseae.
文摘In arid and semi-arid regions, the growth and development of cultivated plants, especially tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.), are severely limited by water deficit. Thus, to cope with this constraint, the plant establishes symbiotic relationships with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in the soil whose extension of the hyphae allows a better and deeper exploration;this notably improves the hydromineral nutrition of the plant. Therefore, the choice of fungal partner becomes crucial for the establishment of a crop in water-deficient soil. In this context, the contribution of AMF to the water stress tolerance of two varieties of tomato plants was assessed under semi-controlled conditions. Parameters, such as the mycorrhizal frequency, intensity of mycorrhization, relative mycorrhizal dependency, growth, and biochemical parameters (carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and proline contents) of plants subjected to three levels of water stress (T100, T70, and T30), were evaluated. The highest frequencies and intensities of mycorrhization and relative mycorrhizal dependencies were obtained with plants of the Xewel variety inoculated with Rhizophagus fasciculatus (F: 95.24%, 88.35%, and 13.64%;M: 40.52%, 37.52%, and 11.22%;D: 23.7%, 54.4%, and 78.82%) and in those of the Lady Nema variety inoculated with Claroideoglomus etunicatum (F: 95.12%, 87.01%, and 15.25%;M: 40.66%, 37.99%, and 11.42%;D: 19.27%, 57.01%, and 70.98%), respectively at water regimes of T100, T70 and T30. These same symbiotic couples recorded, at T30, the best survival rates (+ 40%) and the higher aerial (77% and 74%) and root dry weights (80% and 59%). Plants of the Xewel variety inoculated with R. fasciculatus recorded the highest contents of carbon (T70: 30.59% and T30: 21.55%) and phosphorus (T70: 0.18% and T30: 0.17%). Plants of the Lady Nema variety recorded the highest nitrogen contents with 3.51% and 3.20%, respectively at T70 and T30. Plants of the Lady Nema variety, inoculated with C. etunicatum, also recorded the highest proline contents (572.25, 739.44, and 1165 nmoles•g<sup>−1</sup> of fresh material), followed by those of the Xewel variety inoculated with R. fasciculatus (580.36, 763.65, and 1112.11 nmoles•g<sup>−1</sup> of fresh matter), respectively at T100, T70, and T30. For the Lady Nema variety, the best fungal partner is C. etunicatum, followed by R. fasciculatus and, finally, Funneliformis mosseae. However, for the plants of the Xewel variety, R. fasciculatus is the most efficient, followed by F. mosseae and C. etunicatum. This suggests that, in tomatoes, the efficiency of mycorrhizal symbiosis under water stress conditions is not only dependent on the host plant but on both associated symbiotic partners. Hence, it is a need for screening to identify the best symbiotic couples in a stressful environment.
