This article analyzed the influence of increasing wages on cropping patterns from theoretical and empirical perspectives.The results showed that the increasing labor cost provided a significant incentive to adjust the...This article analyzed the influence of increasing wages on cropping patterns from theoretical and empirical perspectives.The results showed that the increasing labor cost provided a significant incentive to adjust the grain cropping pattern,which increased the production of the three major cereal grains but reduced the production of other grain crops.Increasing wages had a significant negative impact on cash crops.More laborintensive cash crops experienced a larger negative impact in the context of increasing wages.The increase in labor costs also had a negative impact on the proportion of vegetables produced,which was more evident in northern China.A further mechanism test indicated that factor substitution was a significant reason for cropping pattern changes;this illustrated the substitution of labor by machinery not only between grain crops and cash crops but also among different cash crops.展开更多
This article investigates the impact of previous epidemics on rural development and convergence,and identifies the impacts mechanism based on convergence tests.Using a balanced panel of 31 provinces,the empirical resu...This article investigates the impact of previous epidemics on rural development and convergence,and identifies the impacts mechanism based on convergence tests.Using a balanced panel of 31 provinces,the empirical results from 2002 to 2019 show that epidemics decelerated convergence in rural per capita income.The mechanism analysis shows that the accelerated divergence in wages and the decelerated convergence in business income were the major drivers,which also led to decelerated convergence in rural per capita consumption.Although epidemics have not threatened rural food consumption and the Engel coefficient of rural households,these two indicators of basic living needs have failed to achieve convergence across regions.The overall impact of an epidemic on convergence in rural-urban income disparity has also been insignificant,indicating that epidemics have affected rural and urban development simultaneously.Finally,COVID-19 is likely to decelerate convergence in rural income,rural consumption,and urban income.展开更多
Most empirical studies on the returns to education use current income to proxy for lifetime income due to the lack of longitudinal data. This simplification is found to cause biased estimates and the result is conditi...Most empirical studies on the returns to education use current income to proxy for lifetime income due to the lack of longitudinal data. This simplification is found to cause biased estimates and the result is conditional on being employed. This paper quantifies the returns to education with heterogeneity in employment rates, career lengths, and income growth rates. Using data from China, this paper attempts to account for these differences across the life-cycle and estimates the returns to education in terms of lifetime income when actual lifetime earnings data are not available. The model clarifies the mathematical relationship between conditional current returns to education, unconditional current returns to education, and unconditional lifetime returns to education. This new approach explains how employment rates, career lengths, and income growth rates affect the direction and magnitude of the bias in estimating the returns to education.展开更多
基金the Major Program of National Fund of Philosophy and Social Science of China(No.21&ZD092)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.72161147001 and 72103134)the Research Program for Humanities and Social Science of the Chinese Ministry of Education(No.21YJC790139).
文摘This article analyzed the influence of increasing wages on cropping patterns from theoretical and empirical perspectives.The results showed that the increasing labor cost provided a significant incentive to adjust the grain cropping pattern,which increased the production of the three major cereal grains but reduced the production of other grain crops.Increasing wages had a significant negative impact on cash crops.More laborintensive cash crops experienced a larger negative impact in the context of increasing wages.The increase in labor costs also had a negative impact on the proportion of vegetables produced,which was more evident in northern China.A further mechanism test indicated that factor substitution was a significant reason for cropping pattern changes;this illustrated the substitution of labor by machinery not only between grain crops and cash crops but also among different cash crops.
基金supported financially by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.72173114 and 71903172)Institute of China's System Research at Zhejiang University and Institute for Common Prosperity and Development at Zhejiang University.
文摘This article investigates the impact of previous epidemics on rural development and convergence,and identifies the impacts mechanism based on convergence tests.Using a balanced panel of 31 provinces,the empirical results from 2002 to 2019 show that epidemics decelerated convergence in rural per capita income.The mechanism analysis shows that the accelerated divergence in wages and the decelerated convergence in business income were the major drivers,which also led to decelerated convergence in rural per capita consumption.Although epidemics have not threatened rural food consumption and the Engel coefficient of rural households,these two indicators of basic living needs have failed to achieve convergence across regions.The overall impact of an epidemic on convergence in rural-urban income disparity has also been insignificant,indicating that epidemics have affected rural and urban development simultaneously.Finally,COVID-19 is likely to decelerate convergence in rural income,rural consumption,and urban income.
文摘Most empirical studies on the returns to education use current income to proxy for lifetime income due to the lack of longitudinal data. This simplification is found to cause biased estimates and the result is conditional on being employed. This paper quantifies the returns to education with heterogeneity in employment rates, career lengths, and income growth rates. Using data from China, this paper attempts to account for these differences across the life-cycle and estimates the returns to education in terms of lifetime income when actual lifetime earnings data are not available. The model clarifies the mathematical relationship between conditional current returns to education, unconditional current returns to education, and unconditional lifetime returns to education. This new approach explains how employment rates, career lengths, and income growth rates affect the direction and magnitude of the bias in estimating the returns to education.
