Wireless Ad Hoc Networks consist of devices that are wirelessly connected.Mobile Ad Hoc Networks(MANETs),Internet of Things(IoT),and Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks(VANETs)are the main domains of wireless ad hoc network.Int...Wireless Ad Hoc Networks consist of devices that are wirelessly connected.Mobile Ad Hoc Networks(MANETs),Internet of Things(IoT),and Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks(VANETs)are the main domains of wireless ad hoc network.Internet is used in wireless ad hoc network.Internet is based on Transmission Control Protocol(TCP)/Internet Protocol(IP)network where clients and servers interact with each other with the help of IP in a pre-defined environment.Internet fetches data from a fixed location.Data redundancy,mobility,and location dependency are the main issues of the IP network paradigm.All these factors result in poor performance of wireless ad hoc networks.The main disadvantage of IP is that,it does not provide in-network caching.Therefore,there is a need to move towards a new network that overcomes these limitations.Named Data Network(NDN)is a network that overcomes these limitations.NDN is a project of Information-centric Network(ICN).NDN provides in-network caching which helps in fast response to user queries.Implementing NDN in wireless ad hoc network provides many benefits such as caching,mobility,scalability,security,and privacy.By considering the certainty,in this survey paper,we present a comprehensive survey on Caching Strategies in NDN-based Wireless AdHocNetwork.Various cachingmechanism-based results are also described.In the last,we also shed light on the challenges and future directions of this promising field to provide a clear understanding of what caching-related problems exist in NDN-based wireless ad hoc networks.展开更多
The Internet of Things(IoT)has numerous applications in every domain,e.g.,smart cities to provide intelligent services to sustainable cities.The next-generation of IoT networks is expected to be densely deployed in a ...The Internet of Things(IoT)has numerous applications in every domain,e.g.,smart cities to provide intelligent services to sustainable cities.The next-generation of IoT networks is expected to be densely deployed in a resource-constrained and lossy environment.The densely deployed nodes producing radically heterogeneous traffic pattern causes congestion and collision in the network.At the medium access control(MAC)layer,mitigating channel collision is still one of the main challenges of future IoT networks.Similarly,the standardized network layer uses a ranking mechanism based on hop-counts and expected transmission counts(ETX),which often does not adapt to the dynamic and lossy environment and impact performance.The ranking mechanism also requires large control overheads to update rank information.The resource-constrained IoT devices operating in a low-power and lossy network(LLN)environment need an efficient solution to handle these problems.Reinforcement learning(RL)algorithms like Q-learning are recently utilized to solve learning problems in LLNs devices like sensors.Thus,in this paper,an RL-based optimization of dense LLN IoT devices with heavy heterogeneous traffic is devised.The proposed protocol learns the collision information from the MAC layer and makes an intelligent decision at the network layer.The proposed protocol also enhances the operation of the trickle timer algorithm.A Q-learning model is employed to adaptively learn the channel collision probability and network layer ranking states with accumulated reward function.Based on a simulation using Contiki 3.0 Cooja,the proposed intelligent scheme achieves a lower packet loss ratio,improves throughput,produces lower control overheads,and consumes less energy than other state-of-the-art mechanisms.展开更多
Internet of Vehicles(IoV),a rapidly growing technology for efficient vehicular communication and it is shifting the trend of traditional Vehicular Ad Hoc Networking(VANET)towards itself.The centralized management of I...Internet of Vehicles(IoV),a rapidly growing technology for efficient vehicular communication and it is shifting the trend of traditional Vehicular Ad Hoc Networking(VANET)towards itself.The centralized management of IoV endorses its uniqueness and suitability for the Intelligent Transportation System(ITS)safety applications.Named Data Networking(NDN)is an emerging internet paradigm that fulfills most of the expectations of IoV.Limitations of the current IP internet architecture are the main motivation behind NDN.Software-Defined Networking(SDN)is another emerging networking paradigm of technology that is highly capable of efficient management of overall networks and transforming complex networking architectures into simple and manageable ones.The combination of the SDN controller,NDN,and IoV can be revolutionary in the overall performance of the network.Broadcast storm,due to the broadcasting nature of NDN,is a critical issue in NDN based on IoV.High speed and rapidly changing topology of vehicles in IoV creates disconnected link problem and add unnecessary transmission delay.In order to cop-up with the above-discussed problems,we proposed an efficient SDN-enabled forwarding mechanism in NDN-based IoV,which supports the mobility of the vehicle and explores the cellular network for the low latency control messages.In IoV environment,the concept of Edge Controller(EC)to maintain and manage the in-time and real-time vehicular topology is being introduced.A mathematical estimation model is also proposed in our work that assists the centralized EC and SDN to find not only the shortest and best path but also the most reliable and durable path.The naming scheme and in-network caching property of the NDN nodes reduce the delay.We used ndnSIM and NS-3 for the simulation experiment along with SUMO for the environment generation.The results of NDSDoV illustrate significant performance in terms of availability with limited routing overhead,minimized delay,retransmissions,and increased packet satisfaction ratio.Besides,we explored the properties of EC that contribute mainly in path failure minimization in the network.展开更多
In Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks(WMSNs),nodes capable of retrieving video,audio,images,and small scale sensor data,tend to generate immense traffic of various types.The energy-efficient transmission of such a va...In Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks(WMSNs),nodes capable of retrieving video,audio,images,and small scale sensor data,tend to generate immense traffic of various types.The energy-efficient transmission of such a vast amount of heterogeneous multimedia content while simultaneously ensuring the quality of service and optimal energy consumption is indispensable.Therefore,we propose a Power-Efficient Wireless Multimedia of Things(PE-WMoT),a robust and energy-efficient cluster-based mechanism to improve the overall lifetime of WMSNs.In a PE-WMoT,nodes declare themselves Cluster Heads(CHs)based on available resources.Once cluster formation and CH declaration processes are completed,the Sub-Cluster(SC)formation process triggers,in which application base nodes within close vicinity of each other organize themselves under the administration of a Sub-Cluster Head(SCH).The SCH gathers data from member nodes,removes redundancies,and forwards miniaturized data to its respective CH.PE-WMoT adopts a fuzzy-based technique named the analytical hierarchical process,which enables CHs to select an optimal SCH among available SCs.A PE-WMoT also devises a robust scheduling mechanism between CH,SCH,and child nodes to enable collision-free data transmission.Simulation results revealed that a PE-WMoT significantly reduces the number of redundant packet transmissions,improves energy consumption of the network,and effectively increases network throughput.展开更多
The use of IEEE 802.15.4 standard based application systems has been rapidly increasing, for example, in medical services, sensor networks, public safety systems, and home automation systems. However, issues arise fro...The use of IEEE 802.15.4 standard based application systems has been rapidly increasing, for example, in medical services, sensor networks, public safety systems, and home automation systems. However, issues arise from the fact that IEEE 802.15.4 standard based low rate wireless personal area networks(LR-WPANs) use the same frequency bands as wireless local area networks(WLANs), and they interfere with each other. Based on past research on this issue, the interference has a more serious impact on LR-WPANs' performance than on WLANs' performance. In this paper we propose a method to improve LR-WPANs' performance while coexisting with WLANs, which is called the reliable beacon transmission based medium access control(MAC) protocol. Since the reliability of a beacon frame is important, in this method, only the beacon frame is transmitted in interference-free channels, and the data packets are transmitted in interfered channels instead of abandoning the channels altogether. This method increases the reliability of beacon frames as well as overall channel utilizations. The effectiveness of the proposed method was evaluated through extensive simulations, and this paper proves that this method improves the performance of IEEE 802.15.4 based wireless sensor networks(WSNs) over WLANs' interferences.展开更多
基金supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)grant funded by the Korea government(MSIT)(No.2022R1A2C1003549).
文摘Wireless Ad Hoc Networks consist of devices that are wirelessly connected.Mobile Ad Hoc Networks(MANETs),Internet of Things(IoT),and Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks(VANETs)are the main domains of wireless ad hoc network.Internet is used in wireless ad hoc network.Internet is based on Transmission Control Protocol(TCP)/Internet Protocol(IP)network where clients and servers interact with each other with the help of IP in a pre-defined environment.Internet fetches data from a fixed location.Data redundancy,mobility,and location dependency are the main issues of the IP network paradigm.All these factors result in poor performance of wireless ad hoc networks.The main disadvantage of IP is that,it does not provide in-network caching.Therefore,there is a need to move towards a new network that overcomes these limitations.Named Data Network(NDN)is a network that overcomes these limitations.NDN is a project of Information-centric Network(ICN).NDN provides in-network caching which helps in fast response to user queries.Implementing NDN in wireless ad hoc network provides many benefits such as caching,mobility,scalability,security,and privacy.By considering the certainty,in this survey paper,we present a comprehensive survey on Caching Strategies in NDN-based Wireless AdHocNetwork.Various cachingmechanism-based results are also described.In the last,we also shed light on the challenges and future directions of this promising field to provide a clear understanding of what caching-related problems exist in NDN-based wireless ad hoc networks.
基金supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)grant funded by the Korea government.(No.2018R1A2B6002399).
文摘The Internet of Things(IoT)has numerous applications in every domain,e.g.,smart cities to provide intelligent services to sustainable cities.The next-generation of IoT networks is expected to be densely deployed in a resource-constrained and lossy environment.The densely deployed nodes producing radically heterogeneous traffic pattern causes congestion and collision in the network.At the medium access control(MAC)layer,mitigating channel collision is still one of the main challenges of future IoT networks.Similarly,the standardized network layer uses a ranking mechanism based on hop-counts and expected transmission counts(ETX),which often does not adapt to the dynamic and lossy environment and impact performance.The ranking mechanism also requires large control overheads to update rank information.The resource-constrained IoT devices operating in a low-power and lossy network(LLN)environment need an efficient solution to handle these problems.Reinforcement learning(RL)algorithms like Q-learning are recently utilized to solve learning problems in LLNs devices like sensors.Thus,in this paper,an RL-based optimization of dense LLN IoT devices with heavy heterogeneous traffic is devised.The proposed protocol learns the collision information from the MAC layer and makes an intelligent decision at the network layer.The proposed protocol also enhances the operation of the trickle timer algorithm.A Q-learning model is employed to adaptively learn the channel collision probability and network layer ranking states with accumulated reward function.Based on a simulation using Contiki 3.0 Cooja,the proposed intelligent scheme achieves a lower packet loss ratio,improves throughput,produces lower control overheads,and consumes less energy than other state-of-the-art mechanisms.
基金This research was financially supported by the Ministry of Trade,Industry and Energy(MOTIE)and Korea Institute for Advancement of Technology(KIAT)through the National Innovation Cluster R&D program(R&D,P0015131).
文摘Internet of Vehicles(IoV),a rapidly growing technology for efficient vehicular communication and it is shifting the trend of traditional Vehicular Ad Hoc Networking(VANET)towards itself.The centralized management of IoV endorses its uniqueness and suitability for the Intelligent Transportation System(ITS)safety applications.Named Data Networking(NDN)is an emerging internet paradigm that fulfills most of the expectations of IoV.Limitations of the current IP internet architecture are the main motivation behind NDN.Software-Defined Networking(SDN)is another emerging networking paradigm of technology that is highly capable of efficient management of overall networks and transforming complex networking architectures into simple and manageable ones.The combination of the SDN controller,NDN,and IoV can be revolutionary in the overall performance of the network.Broadcast storm,due to the broadcasting nature of NDN,is a critical issue in NDN based on IoV.High speed and rapidly changing topology of vehicles in IoV creates disconnected link problem and add unnecessary transmission delay.In order to cop-up with the above-discussed problems,we proposed an efficient SDN-enabled forwarding mechanism in NDN-based IoV,which supports the mobility of the vehicle and explores the cellular network for the low latency control messages.In IoV environment,the concept of Edge Controller(EC)to maintain and manage the in-time and real-time vehicular topology is being introduced.A mathematical estimation model is also proposed in our work that assists the centralized EC and SDN to find not only the shortest and best path but also the most reliable and durable path.The naming scheme and in-network caching property of the NDN nodes reduce the delay.We used ndnSIM and NS-3 for the simulation experiment along with SUMO for the environment generation.The results of NDSDoV illustrate significant performance in terms of availability with limited routing overhead,minimized delay,retransmissions,and increased packet satisfaction ratio.Besides,we explored the properties of EC that contribute mainly in path failure minimization in the network.
基金This work was supported in part by the Institute of Information&communications Technology Planning&Evaluation(IITP)grant funded by the Korea government(MSIT)(No.2018-0-01411,A Micro-Service IoTWare Framework Technology Development for Ultra small IoT Device)in part by 2021 Hongik University Innovation Support program Fund.
文摘In Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks(WMSNs),nodes capable of retrieving video,audio,images,and small scale sensor data,tend to generate immense traffic of various types.The energy-efficient transmission of such a vast amount of heterogeneous multimedia content while simultaneously ensuring the quality of service and optimal energy consumption is indispensable.Therefore,we propose a Power-Efficient Wireless Multimedia of Things(PE-WMoT),a robust and energy-efficient cluster-based mechanism to improve the overall lifetime of WMSNs.In a PE-WMoT,nodes declare themselves Cluster Heads(CHs)based on available resources.Once cluster formation and CH declaration processes are completed,the Sub-Cluster(SC)formation process triggers,in which application base nodes within close vicinity of each other organize themselves under the administration of a Sub-Cluster Head(SCH).The SCH gathers data from member nodes,removes redundancies,and forwards miniaturized data to its respective CH.PE-WMoT adopts a fuzzy-based technique named the analytical hierarchical process,which enables CHs to select an optimal SCH among available SCs.A PE-WMoT also devises a robust scheduling mechanism between CH,SCH,and child nodes to enable collision-free data transmission.Simulation results revealed that a PE-WMoT significantly reduces the number of redundant packet transmissions,improves energy consumption of the network,and effectively increases network throughput.
基金Project supported by the Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education(No.2013R1A1A2005692)
文摘The use of IEEE 802.15.4 standard based application systems has been rapidly increasing, for example, in medical services, sensor networks, public safety systems, and home automation systems. However, issues arise from the fact that IEEE 802.15.4 standard based low rate wireless personal area networks(LR-WPANs) use the same frequency bands as wireless local area networks(WLANs), and they interfere with each other. Based on past research on this issue, the interference has a more serious impact on LR-WPANs' performance than on WLANs' performance. In this paper we propose a method to improve LR-WPANs' performance while coexisting with WLANs, which is called the reliable beacon transmission based medium access control(MAC) protocol. Since the reliability of a beacon frame is important, in this method, only the beacon frame is transmitted in interference-free channels, and the data packets are transmitted in interfered channels instead of abandoning the channels altogether. This method increases the reliability of beacon frames as well as overall channel utilizations. The effectiveness of the proposed method was evaluated through extensive simulations, and this paper proves that this method improves the performance of IEEE 802.15.4 based wireless sensor networks(WSNs) over WLANs' interferences.
