Sequence stratigraphic concepts and methods provide novel tools for performing stratigraphic analysis,allowing us to improve our understanding of depositional models and basin evolution.Main controls and depositional ...Sequence stratigraphic concepts and methods provide novel tools for performing stratigraphic analysis,allowing us to improve our understanding of depositional models and basin evolution.Main controls and depositional elements(e.g.,surfaces,systems tracts,parasequences,etc.)recognized in conventional sequence stratigraphy are designed for marine-related systems.In contrast,the sequence stratigraphy of lacustrine successions is much more complex and poorly understood,because it is not driven by sea-level changes,but by a complex interaction between tectonics and high-frequency climatic cycles.The comprehensive analysis of the water balance of lacustrine systems allows the recognition of three types of lake conditions:Underfilled,balanced-fill and overfilled lakes.Understanding the lake conditions in ancient successions is fundamental for unraveling lacustrine sequence stratigraphy,since these conditions effectively control water salinity,internal stacking pattern and the characteristics of systems tracts.Underfilled lakes are hydrologically closed lakes,and consequently,the lake-level can highly fluctuate,driven by high-frequency wet-dry climatic cycles.During wet periods,rivers supply water and sediments,resulting in fining-and thinning-upward elementary depositional sequences(EDS's)accumulated during the transgressive systems tract(TST).In contrast,dry periods are characterized by a relative lake-level fall with the subaerial exposure of lake margin areas during the regressive systems tract(RST).Lake water salinity can fluctuate from brackish to hypersaline.Balanced-fill lakes are partially closed lakes,and consequently,they have characteristics of both underfilled and overfilled lakes.During the TST,the lake is in underfilled condition,and consequently,the introduction of water and sediment will accumulate a fining-upward interval until reaching the spill point during the maximum flooding.The RST is accumulated under an overfilled lake condition,with coarseningupward progradational littoral deltas and related subaqueous delta deposits.Lake water salinity fluctuates from brackish to freshwater.Overfilled lakes are hydrologically open lakes.Most deposits accumulate during the RST,forming coarsening-upward progradational littoral deposits,with associated subaqueous deltas.All overfilled lakes are freshwater lakes.Subsidence is crucial for allowing the long-term preservation of lacustrine deposits.Lakes can temporarily store water and sediments in areas that lack subsidence,but these deposits will not be preserved in the stratigraphic record.Consequently,two types of lakes are recognized:1)subsiding lakes,which have permanent accommodation space and 2)hanging lakes,having temporary accommodation space.Although they cannot permanently store sediments,hanging lakes are fundamental for lacustrine sequence stratigraphy,since they can flood subsiding lakes with the near-instantaneous release of a substantial volume of water,creating favorable conditions for the accumulation of organic-rich shales.This rapid flooding from hanging lakes induced a forced transgression(FT),which is a large-scale rapid transgression(xenoconformity)not related to the normal sediment and water supply from local source areas.展开更多
The paleoclimate change impacts the sedimentary environment and process,which in turn control the accumulation of organic carbon.Numerous studies have shown that the paleoclimate is controlled by astronomical cycles.H...The paleoclimate change impacts the sedimentary environment and process,which in turn control the accumulation of organic carbon.Numerous studies have shown that the paleoclimate is controlled by astronomical cycles.Hence,understanding how these cycles impact the accumulation of organic carbon is a critical question that requires in-depth discussion.Previous studies have shown that Milankovitch cycle can be revealed from the sediments of the 7^(th)Oil Member(Chang 7 Member for short)of the Triassic Yanchang Formation in the southern Ordos Basin,suggesting that the deposition was controlled by astronomically-forced climate changes.Building on previous research,this study collected natural gamma(GR)data of Chang 7 Member from the N36 Well to further analyze astronomical cycles,combined with X-ray fluorescence(XRF)analysis and total organic carbon(TOC)tests,to reconstruct the paleoenvironment and analyze the organic matter enrichment characteristics.The results of this contribution show that,paleoclimate,paleo-redox conditions,paleo-water level,paleo-productivity and sediment accumulation rate(SAR)collectively controlled the enrichment of organic matter.Notably,this study identified the presence of eccentricity,obliquity,precession,and the 1.2 Myr long obliquity cycle in the Chang 7 Member.These cycles controlled the paleoenvironmental changes at different timescales and influenced the enrichment of organic matter,which has implications for subsequent energy exploration.展开更多
In a recent contribution G. Shanmugam (2018) discusses and neglects the importance of hyperpycnal flows and hyperpycnites for the understanding of some sediment gravity flow deposits. For him, the hyperpycnal flow par...In a recent contribution G. Shanmugam (2018) discusses and neglects the importance of hyperpycnal flows and hyperpycnites for the understanding of some sediment gravity flow deposits. For him, the hyperpycnal flow paradigm is strictly based on experimental and theoretical concepts, without the supporting empirical data from modern depositional systems. In this discussion I will demonstrate that G. Shanmugam overlooks growing evidences that support the importance of hyperpycnal flows in the accumulation of a huge volume of fossil clastic sediments. Sustained hyperpycnal flows also provide a rational explanation for the origin of well sorted fine-grained massive sandstones with floating clasts, a deposit often wrongly related to sandy debris flows.展开更多
A hyperpycnal flow forms when a relatively dense land-derived gravity flow enters into a marine or lacustrine water reservoir. As a consequence of its excess of density, the incoming flow plunges in coastal areas, gen...A hyperpycnal flow forms when a relatively dense land-derived gravity flow enters into a marine or lacustrine water reservoir. As a consequence of its excess of density, the incoming flow plunges in coastal areas, generating a highly dynamic and often long-lived dense underflow. Depending on the characteristics of the parent flow(flow duration and flow rheology) and basin salinity, the resulting deposits(hyperpycnites) can be very variable.According to flow duration, land-derived gravity flows can be classified into short-lived or long-lived flows. Shortlived gravity flows last for minutes or hours, and are mostly related to small mountainous river discharges, alluvial fans, collapse of natural dams, landslides, volcanic eruptions, j?kulhlaups, etc. Long-lived gravity flows last for days,weeks or even months, and are mostly associated with medium-to large-size river discharges.Concerning the rheology of the incoming flow, hyperpycnal flows can be initiated by non-Newtonian(cohesive debris flows), Newtonian supercritical(lahars, hyperconcentrated flows, and concentrated flows) or Newtonian subcritical flows(pebbly, sandy or muddy sediment-laden turbulent flows). Once plunged, non-Newtonian and Newtonian supercritical flows require steep slopes to accelerate, allow the incorporation of ambient water and develop flow transformations in order to evolve into a turbidity current and travel further basinward. Their resulting deposits are difficult to differentiate from those related to intrabasinal turbidites. On the contrary, long-lived Newtonian subcritical flows are capable of transferring huge volumes of sediment, freshwater and organic matter far from the coast even along gentle or flat slopes. In marine settings, the buoyant effect of interstitial freshwater in pebbly and sandy hyperpycnal flows can result in lofting due to flow density reversal. Since the excess of density in muddy hyperpycnal flows is provided by silt-clay sediments in turbulent suspension, lofting is not possible even in marine/saline basins. Muddy hyperpycnal flows can also erode the basin bottom during their travel basinward,allowing the incorporation and transfer of intrabasinal sediments and organic matter. Long-lived hyperpycnal flow deposits exhibit typical characteristics that allow a clear differentiation respect to those related to intrabasinal turbidites. Main features include(1) composite beds with gradual and recurrent changes in sediment grain-size and sedimentary structures,(2) mixture of extrabasinal and intrabasinal components,(3) internal and discontinuous erosional surfaces, and(4) lofting rhythmites in marine/saline basins.展开更多
Deltas constitute complex depositional systems formed when a land-derived gravity-flow(carrying water and sediments) discharges into a marine or lacustrine standing body of water. However, the complexity of deltaic se...Deltas constitute complex depositional systems formed when a land-derived gravity-flow(carrying water and sediments) discharges into a marine or lacustrine standing body of water. However, the complexity of deltaic sedimentary environments has been oversimplified by geoscientists over the years, considering just littoral deltas as the unique possible type of delta in natural systems. Nevertheless, a rational analysis suggests that deltas can be much more complex. In fact, the characteristics of deltaic deposits will depend on a complex interplay between the bulk density of the incoming flow and the salinity of the receiving water body. This paper explores the natural conditions of deltaic sedimentation according to different density contrasts. The rational analysis of deltaic systems allows to recognize three main fields for deltaic sedimentation, corresponding to(1) hypopycnal(2) homopycnal and(3) hyperpycnal delta settings. The hypopycnal delta field represents the situation when the bulk density of the incoming flow is lower than the density of the water in the basin. According to the salinity of the receiving water body, three different types of hypopycnal littoral deltas are recognized: hypersaline littoral deltas(HSLD), marine littoral deltas(MLD), and brackish littoral deltas(BLD). The basin salinity will determine the capacity of the delta for producing effective buoyant plumes, and consequently the characteristics and extension of prodelta deposits.Homopycnal littoral deltas(HOLD) form when the density of the incoming flow is roughly similar to the density of the water in the receiving basin. This situation is typical of clean bedload-dominated rivers entering freshwater lakes. Delta front deposits are dominated by sediment avalanches. Typical fallout prodelta deposits are absent or poorly developed since no buoyant plumes are generated. Hyperpycnal deltas form when the bulk density of the incoming flow is higher than the density of the water in the receiving basin. The interaction between flow type,flow density(due to the concentration of suspended sediments) and basin salinity defines three types of deltas,corresponding to hyperpycnal littoral deltas(HLD), hyperpycnal subaqueous deltas(HSD), and hyperpycnal fan deltas(HFD). Hyperpycnal littoral deltas are low-gradient shallow-water deltas formed when dirty rivers enter into brackish or normal-salinity marine basins, typically in wave or tide-dominated epicontinental seas or brackish lakes.Hyperpycnal subaqueous deltas represent the most common type of hyperpycnal delta, with channels and lobes generated in marine and lacustrine settings during long-lasting sediment-laden river-flood discharges. Finally,hyperpycnal fan deltas are subaqueous delta systems generated on high-gradient lacustrine or marine settings by episodic high-density fluvial discharges.展开更多
Recent advances in the understanding of deltaic deposits provide new tools for the study and analysis of deltaic deposits in shallow epicontinental seas.After the introduction of sequence stratigraphic concepts,meter-...Recent advances in the understanding of deltaic deposits provide new tools for the study and analysis of deltaic deposits in shallow epicontinental seas.After the introduction of sequence stratigraphic concepts,meter-scale coarsening and thickening upward successions have been considered as“parasequences”originated by high-frequency sea-level changes.Nevertheless,recent studies enhanced the importance of wave-aided low-dense hyperpycnal flows in transporting fine-grained sediments in shallow shelfal areas.These poorly-known(and at the same time very common)types of delta,known as hyperpycnal littoral deltas(HLD),develop very low gradient progradational units,controlled by changes in the sediment supply instead of sea level changes.These small-scale progradational units are very common in shallow epicontinental seas like the Lower Cretaceous Agrio Formation in the Neuquén Basin.This study provides a first detailed analysis of hyperpycnal littoral deltas from the Agua de la Mula Member(upper Hauterivian-lower Barremian)of the Agrio Formation.This unit has been studied in three locations near Bajada del Agrio locality in the central part of the Neuquén Basin,Argentina.Six sandy facies,three heterolithic facies,three muddy facies and four calcareous facies were recognized.From facies analysis,three facies associations could be determined,corresponding to offshore/prodelta,distal ramp delta and proximal ramp delta.The three stratigraphic sections discussed in this study are internally composed of several small-scale sequences showing a coarsening and thickening upward pattern,transitionally going from muddy to sandy wave-dominated facies,and ending with calcareous bioclastics levels on top.These small-scale sequences are interpreted as delta front deposits of wave-influenced hyperpycnal littoral deltas,punctuated by calcareous intervals accumulated during periods of low sediment supply.It is interpreted that the development of hyperpycnal littoral deltas could have been facilitated by a decrease in sea water salinity related to an increasing runoff.展开更多
文摘Sequence stratigraphic concepts and methods provide novel tools for performing stratigraphic analysis,allowing us to improve our understanding of depositional models and basin evolution.Main controls and depositional elements(e.g.,surfaces,systems tracts,parasequences,etc.)recognized in conventional sequence stratigraphy are designed for marine-related systems.In contrast,the sequence stratigraphy of lacustrine successions is much more complex and poorly understood,because it is not driven by sea-level changes,but by a complex interaction between tectonics and high-frequency climatic cycles.The comprehensive analysis of the water balance of lacustrine systems allows the recognition of three types of lake conditions:Underfilled,balanced-fill and overfilled lakes.Understanding the lake conditions in ancient successions is fundamental for unraveling lacustrine sequence stratigraphy,since these conditions effectively control water salinity,internal stacking pattern and the characteristics of systems tracts.Underfilled lakes are hydrologically closed lakes,and consequently,the lake-level can highly fluctuate,driven by high-frequency wet-dry climatic cycles.During wet periods,rivers supply water and sediments,resulting in fining-and thinning-upward elementary depositional sequences(EDS's)accumulated during the transgressive systems tract(TST).In contrast,dry periods are characterized by a relative lake-level fall with the subaerial exposure of lake margin areas during the regressive systems tract(RST).Lake water salinity can fluctuate from brackish to hypersaline.Balanced-fill lakes are partially closed lakes,and consequently,they have characteristics of both underfilled and overfilled lakes.During the TST,the lake is in underfilled condition,and consequently,the introduction of water and sediment will accumulate a fining-upward interval until reaching the spill point during the maximum flooding.The RST is accumulated under an overfilled lake condition,with coarseningupward progradational littoral deltas and related subaqueous delta deposits.Lake water salinity fluctuates from brackish to freshwater.Overfilled lakes are hydrologically open lakes.Most deposits accumulate during the RST,forming coarsening-upward progradational littoral deposits,with associated subaqueous deltas.All overfilled lakes are freshwater lakes.Subsidence is crucial for allowing the long-term preservation of lacustrine deposits.Lakes can temporarily store water and sediments in areas that lack subsidence,but these deposits will not be preserved in the stratigraphic record.Consequently,two types of lakes are recognized:1)subsiding lakes,which have permanent accommodation space and 2)hanging lakes,having temporary accommodation space.Although they cannot permanently store sediments,hanging lakes are fundamental for lacustrine sequence stratigraphy,since they can flood subsiding lakes with the near-instantaneous release of a substantial volume of water,creating favorable conditions for the accumulation of organic-rich shales.This rapid flooding from hanging lakes induced a forced transgression(FT),which is a large-scale rapid transgression(xenoconformity)not related to the normal sediment and water supply from local source areas.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.41972146)the China Scholarship Council(Grant No.202008370261)。
文摘The paleoclimate change impacts the sedimentary environment and process,which in turn control the accumulation of organic carbon.Numerous studies have shown that the paleoclimate is controlled by astronomical cycles.Hence,understanding how these cycles impact the accumulation of organic carbon is a critical question that requires in-depth discussion.Previous studies have shown that Milankovitch cycle can be revealed from the sediments of the 7^(th)Oil Member(Chang 7 Member for short)of the Triassic Yanchang Formation in the southern Ordos Basin,suggesting that the deposition was controlled by astronomically-forced climate changes.Building on previous research,this study collected natural gamma(GR)data of Chang 7 Member from the N36 Well to further analyze astronomical cycles,combined with X-ray fluorescence(XRF)analysis and total organic carbon(TOC)tests,to reconstruct the paleoenvironment and analyze the organic matter enrichment characteristics.The results of this contribution show that,paleoclimate,paleo-redox conditions,paleo-water level,paleo-productivity and sediment accumulation rate(SAR)collectively controlled the enrichment of organic matter.Notably,this study identified the presence of eccentricity,obliquity,precession,and the 1.2 Myr long obliquity cycle in the Chang 7 Member.These cycles controlled the paleoenvironmental changes at different timescales and influenced the enrichment of organic matter,which has implications for subsequent energy exploration.
文摘In a recent contribution G. Shanmugam (2018) discusses and neglects the importance of hyperpycnal flows and hyperpycnites for the understanding of some sediment gravity flow deposits. For him, the hyperpycnal flow paradigm is strictly based on experimental and theoretical concepts, without the supporting empirical data from modern depositional systems. In this discussion I will demonstrate that G. Shanmugam overlooks growing evidences that support the importance of hyperpycnal flows in the accumulation of a huge volume of fossil clastic sediments. Sustained hyperpycnal flows also provide a rational explanation for the origin of well sorted fine-grained massive sandstones with floating clasts, a deposit often wrongly related to sandy debris flows.
文摘A hyperpycnal flow forms when a relatively dense land-derived gravity flow enters into a marine or lacustrine water reservoir. As a consequence of its excess of density, the incoming flow plunges in coastal areas, generating a highly dynamic and often long-lived dense underflow. Depending on the characteristics of the parent flow(flow duration and flow rheology) and basin salinity, the resulting deposits(hyperpycnites) can be very variable.According to flow duration, land-derived gravity flows can be classified into short-lived or long-lived flows. Shortlived gravity flows last for minutes or hours, and are mostly related to small mountainous river discharges, alluvial fans, collapse of natural dams, landslides, volcanic eruptions, j?kulhlaups, etc. Long-lived gravity flows last for days,weeks or even months, and are mostly associated with medium-to large-size river discharges.Concerning the rheology of the incoming flow, hyperpycnal flows can be initiated by non-Newtonian(cohesive debris flows), Newtonian supercritical(lahars, hyperconcentrated flows, and concentrated flows) or Newtonian subcritical flows(pebbly, sandy or muddy sediment-laden turbulent flows). Once plunged, non-Newtonian and Newtonian supercritical flows require steep slopes to accelerate, allow the incorporation of ambient water and develop flow transformations in order to evolve into a turbidity current and travel further basinward. Their resulting deposits are difficult to differentiate from those related to intrabasinal turbidites. On the contrary, long-lived Newtonian subcritical flows are capable of transferring huge volumes of sediment, freshwater and organic matter far from the coast even along gentle or flat slopes. In marine settings, the buoyant effect of interstitial freshwater in pebbly and sandy hyperpycnal flows can result in lofting due to flow density reversal. Since the excess of density in muddy hyperpycnal flows is provided by silt-clay sediments in turbulent suspension, lofting is not possible even in marine/saline basins. Muddy hyperpycnal flows can also erode the basin bottom during their travel basinward,allowing the incorporation and transfer of intrabasinal sediments and organic matter. Long-lived hyperpycnal flow deposits exhibit typical characteristics that allow a clear differentiation respect to those related to intrabasinal turbidites. Main features include(1) composite beds with gradual and recurrent changes in sediment grain-size and sedimentary structures,(2) mixture of extrabasinal and intrabasinal components,(3) internal and discontinuous erosional surfaces, and(4) lofting rhythmites in marine/saline basins.
基金the continuous support provided by the Departamento de Geologia de la Universidad Nacional del Sur and the CONICET (National Research Council from Argentina)。
文摘Deltas constitute complex depositional systems formed when a land-derived gravity-flow(carrying water and sediments) discharges into a marine or lacustrine standing body of water. However, the complexity of deltaic sedimentary environments has been oversimplified by geoscientists over the years, considering just littoral deltas as the unique possible type of delta in natural systems. Nevertheless, a rational analysis suggests that deltas can be much more complex. In fact, the characteristics of deltaic deposits will depend on a complex interplay between the bulk density of the incoming flow and the salinity of the receiving water body. This paper explores the natural conditions of deltaic sedimentation according to different density contrasts. The rational analysis of deltaic systems allows to recognize three main fields for deltaic sedimentation, corresponding to(1) hypopycnal(2) homopycnal and(3) hyperpycnal delta settings. The hypopycnal delta field represents the situation when the bulk density of the incoming flow is lower than the density of the water in the basin. According to the salinity of the receiving water body, three different types of hypopycnal littoral deltas are recognized: hypersaline littoral deltas(HSLD), marine littoral deltas(MLD), and brackish littoral deltas(BLD). The basin salinity will determine the capacity of the delta for producing effective buoyant plumes, and consequently the characteristics and extension of prodelta deposits.Homopycnal littoral deltas(HOLD) form when the density of the incoming flow is roughly similar to the density of the water in the receiving basin. This situation is typical of clean bedload-dominated rivers entering freshwater lakes. Delta front deposits are dominated by sediment avalanches. Typical fallout prodelta deposits are absent or poorly developed since no buoyant plumes are generated. Hyperpycnal deltas form when the bulk density of the incoming flow is higher than the density of the water in the receiving basin. The interaction between flow type,flow density(due to the concentration of suspended sediments) and basin salinity defines three types of deltas,corresponding to hyperpycnal littoral deltas(HLD), hyperpycnal subaqueous deltas(HSD), and hyperpycnal fan deltas(HFD). Hyperpycnal littoral deltas are low-gradient shallow-water deltas formed when dirty rivers enter into brackish or normal-salinity marine basins, typically in wave or tide-dominated epicontinental seas or brackish lakes.Hyperpycnal subaqueous deltas represent the most common type of hyperpycnal delta, with channels and lobes generated in marine and lacustrine settings during long-lasting sediment-laden river-flood discharges. Finally,hyperpycnal fan deltas are subaqueous delta systems generated on high-gradient lacustrine or marine settings by episodic high-density fluvial discharges.
基金financed by CONICET PUE0047COANPCyT 0419 projects。
文摘Recent advances in the understanding of deltaic deposits provide new tools for the study and analysis of deltaic deposits in shallow epicontinental seas.After the introduction of sequence stratigraphic concepts,meter-scale coarsening and thickening upward successions have been considered as“parasequences”originated by high-frequency sea-level changes.Nevertheless,recent studies enhanced the importance of wave-aided low-dense hyperpycnal flows in transporting fine-grained sediments in shallow shelfal areas.These poorly-known(and at the same time very common)types of delta,known as hyperpycnal littoral deltas(HLD),develop very low gradient progradational units,controlled by changes in the sediment supply instead of sea level changes.These small-scale progradational units are very common in shallow epicontinental seas like the Lower Cretaceous Agrio Formation in the Neuquén Basin.This study provides a first detailed analysis of hyperpycnal littoral deltas from the Agua de la Mula Member(upper Hauterivian-lower Barremian)of the Agrio Formation.This unit has been studied in three locations near Bajada del Agrio locality in the central part of the Neuquén Basin,Argentina.Six sandy facies,three heterolithic facies,three muddy facies and four calcareous facies were recognized.From facies analysis,three facies associations could be determined,corresponding to offshore/prodelta,distal ramp delta and proximal ramp delta.The three stratigraphic sections discussed in this study are internally composed of several small-scale sequences showing a coarsening and thickening upward pattern,transitionally going from muddy to sandy wave-dominated facies,and ending with calcareous bioclastics levels on top.These small-scale sequences are interpreted as delta front deposits of wave-influenced hyperpycnal littoral deltas,punctuated by calcareous intervals accumulated during periods of low sediment supply.It is interpreted that the development of hyperpycnal littoral deltas could have been facilitated by a decrease in sea water salinity related to an increasing runoff.
