Assessing the extent to which all bio-fuels that are claimed to be renewable are in fact renewable is essential because producing such renewable fuels itself requires some amount of non-renewable energy （NE） and mat...Assessing the extent to which all bio-fuels that are claimed to be renewable are in fact renewable is essential because producing such renewable fuels itself requires some amount of non-renewable energy （NE） and materials. Using hybrid life cycle analysis （LCA）--from raw material collection to delivery of pellets to end users--the energy cost of wood pellet production in China was estimated at 1.35 J/J, of which only 0.09 J was derived from NE, indicating that only 0.09 J of NE is required to deliver 1 J of renewable energy into society and showing that the process is truly renewable. Most of the NE was consumed during the conversion process （46.21%） and delivery of pellets to end users （40.69%）, during which electricity and diesel are the two major forms of NE used, respectively. Sensitivity analysis showed that the distance over which the pellets are transported affects the cost of NE significantly. Therefore the location of the terminal market and the site where wood resources are available are crucial to saving diesel.展开更多
Due to sectoral interactions in the economy,the overall green efficiency(GE)of China’s industrial system relies heavily on fundamental sectors that contribute substantial energy to the supply chain production of othe...Due to sectoral interactions in the economy,the overall green efficiency(GE)of China’s industrial system relies heavily on fundamental sectors that contribute substantial energy to the supply chain production of other sectors but shows low sectoral GE.For the three fundamental sectors in China’s industrial systems,namely the smelting and pressing of nonferrous metals(SPNFM),the processing of petroleum,coking,and nuclear fuel(PPCNF);and the manufacturing of nonmetallic mineral products(MNMMP),we employed a three-stage data envelopment analysis(DEA)model to measure GE in the fundamental sectors in 30 provinces from 2010 to 2015.We then adopted a stochastic frontier analysis(SFA)model to evaluate the influence of technological innovation(TI),industrial agglomeration(IA),environmental regulation(ER),and intraindustry competition(IC).The results showed that GE in the three fundamental sectors varied spatially.Specifically,TI promoted GE in MNMMP,but the effect was not obvious in the SPNFM and PPCNF sectors.Moreover,ER had positive impacts on GE in the fundamental sectors.The effects of IA and IC on GE in the fundamental sectors varied in direction and strength.After eliminating the impacts of environmental effects and statistical noise,the real GE in the three fundamental sectors varied significantly compared to the comprehensive GE.Policy opportunities for enhancing GE in the fundamental sectors mainly lie in region-specific policy and regulations that avoid a“one-size-fits-all”governance approach.展开更多
文摘Assessing the extent to which all bio-fuels that are claimed to be renewable are in fact renewable is essential because producing such renewable fuels itself requires some amount of non-renewable energy （NE） and materials. Using hybrid life cycle analysis （LCA）--from raw material collection to delivery of pellets to end users--the energy cost of wood pellet production in China was estimated at 1.35 J/J, of which only 0.09 J was derived from NE, indicating that only 0.09 J of NE is required to deliver 1 J of renewable energy into society and showing that the process is truly renewable. Most of the NE was consumed during the conversion process （46.21%） and delivery of pellets to end users （40.69%）, during which electricity and diesel are the two major forms of NE used, respectively. Sensitivity analysis showed that the distance over which the pellets are transported affects the cost of NE significantly. Therefore the location of the terminal market and the site where wood resources are available are crucial to saving diesel.
基金This research was financially supported by the National Social Science Fund of China(No.18BJY038)National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.72071220)+1 种基金Heilongjiang Philosophy and Social Science Research Planning Project(No.16GLB09)First Class Academic Discipline Construction Project of Central University of Finance and Economics(No.20190807-8).
文摘Due to sectoral interactions in the economy,the overall green efficiency(GE)of China’s industrial system relies heavily on fundamental sectors that contribute substantial energy to the supply chain production of other sectors but shows low sectoral GE.For the three fundamental sectors in China’s industrial systems,namely the smelting and pressing of nonferrous metals(SPNFM),the processing of petroleum,coking,and nuclear fuel(PPCNF);and the manufacturing of nonmetallic mineral products(MNMMP),we employed a three-stage data envelopment analysis(DEA)model to measure GE in the fundamental sectors in 30 provinces from 2010 to 2015.We then adopted a stochastic frontier analysis(SFA)model to evaluate the influence of technological innovation(TI),industrial agglomeration(IA),environmental regulation(ER),and intraindustry competition(IC).The results showed that GE in the three fundamental sectors varied spatially.Specifically,TI promoted GE in MNMMP,but the effect was not obvious in the SPNFM and PPCNF sectors.Moreover,ER had positive impacts on GE in the fundamental sectors.The effects of IA and IC on GE in the fundamental sectors varied in direction and strength.After eliminating the impacts of environmental effects and statistical noise,the real GE in the three fundamental sectors varied significantly compared to the comprehensive GE.Policy opportunities for enhancing GE in the fundamental sectors mainly lie in region-specific policy and regulations that avoid a“one-size-fits-all”governance approach.
