Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD)is associated with mutations in lipopolysaccharide-binding protein(LBP),but the underlying epigenetic mechanisms remain understudied.Herein,LBP^(-/-)rats with NAFLD were establi...Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD)is associated with mutations in lipopolysaccharide-binding protein(LBP),but the underlying epigenetic mechanisms remain understudied.Herein,LBP^(-/-)rats with NAFLD were established and used to conduct integrative targetingactive enhancer histone H3 lysine 27 acetylation(H3K27ac)chromatin immunoprecipitation coupled with high-throughput and transcriptomic sequencing analysis to explore the potential epigenetic pathomechanisms of active enhancers of NAFLD exacerbation upon LBP deficiency.Notably,LBP^(-/-)reduced the inflammatory response but markedly aggravated high-fat diet(HFD)-induced NAFLD in rats,with pronounced alterations in the histone acetylome and regulatory transcriptome.In total,1128 differential enhancer-target genes significantly enriched in cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism were identified between wild-type(WT)and LBP^(-/-)NAFLD rats.Based on integrative analysis,CCAAT/enhancer-binding proteinβ(C/EBPβ)was identified as a pivotal transcription factor(TF)and contributor to dysregulated histone acetylome H3K27ac,and the lipid metabolism gene SCD was identified as a downstream effector exacerbating NAFLD.This study not only broadens our understanding of the essential role of LBP in the pathogenesis of NAFLD from an epigenetics perspective but also identifies key TF C/EBPβand functional gene SCD as potential regulators and therapeutic targets.展开更多
A modified hydrometeor classification algorithm(HCA) is developed in this study for Chinese polarimetric radars. This algorithm is based on the U.S. operational HCA. Meanwhile, the methodology of statistics-based opti...A modified hydrometeor classification algorithm(HCA) is developed in this study for Chinese polarimetric radars. This algorithm is based on the U.S. operational HCA. Meanwhile, the methodology of statistics-based optimization is proposed including calibration checking, datasets selection, membership functions modification, computation thresholds modification,and effect verification. Zhuhai radar, the first operational polarimetric radar in South China, applies these procedures. The systematic bias of calibration is corrected, the reliability of radar measurements deteriorates when the signal-to-noise ratio is low, and correlation coefficient within the melting layer is usually lower than that of the U.S. WSR-88D radar. Through modification based on statistical analysis of polarimetric variables, the localized HCA especially for Zhuhai is obtained,and it performs well over a one-month test through comparison with sounding and surface observations. The algorithm is then utilized for analysis of a squall line process on 11 May 2014 and is found to provide reasonable details with respect to horizontal and vertical structures, and the HCA results—especially in the mixed rain–hail region—can reflect the life cycle of the squall line. In addition, the kinematic and microphysical processes of cloud evolution and the differences between radardetected hail and surface observations are also analyzed. The results of this study provide evidence for the improvement of this HCA developed specifically for China.展开更多
Dual-polarization(dual-pol)radar can measure additional parameters that provide more microphysical information of precipitation systems than those provided by conventional Doppler radar.The dual-pol parameters have be...Dual-polarization(dual-pol)radar can measure additional parameters that provide more microphysical information of precipitation systems than those provided by conventional Doppler radar.The dual-pol parameters have been successfully utilized to investigate precipitation microphysics and improve radar quantitative precipitation estimation(QPE).The recent progress in dual-pol radar research and applications in China is summarized in four aspects.Firstly,the characteristics of several representative dual-pol radars are reviewed.Various approaches have been developed for radar data quality control,including calibration,attenuation correction,calculation of specific differential phase shift,and identification and removal of non-meteorological echoes.Using dual-pol radar measurements,the microphysical characteristics derived from raindrop size distribution retrieval,hydrometeor classification,and QPE is better understood in China.The limited number of studies in China that have sought to use dual-pol radar data to validate the microphysical parameterization and initialization of numerical models and assimilate dual-pol data into numerical models are summarized.The challenges of applying dual-pol data in numerical models and emerging technologies that may make significant impacts on the field of radar meteorology are discussed.展开更多
Objective:To explore HtrA1 gene expression aud its regulation in human gastric cancers.Methods:The HtrA1 mRNA levels were examined by QPCR analysis and coufirmed its expression with Northern blot analysis.The HtrA1 pr...Objective:To explore HtrA1 gene expression aud its regulation in human gastric cancers.Methods:The HtrA1 mRNA levels were examined by QPCR analysis and coufirmed its expression with Northern blot analysis.The HtrA1 protein levels in all six gastric epithelial cell lines were investigated by Western blot analysis.Gene copy number was accessed and then sequenced the coding region from each mRNA in all six cell lines.The HtrA1 promoter region DNA methylation status was detected by using bisulfite sequeucing analysis.Effect of decitabine and TSA on HTRA1 expression in gastric cancer cell line was determined by RTPCR.Results:HIC analysis indicated that HtrA1 was highly expressed in normal epithelium,but dramatically down-regulated in gastric carcinoma tissues and variably expressed in tumor-adjacent tissues.HtrA1 gene expression was dramatically decreased in gastric carcinoma cells compared to nontumorigenic counterparts.The HtrA1 gene loss in any of the 4 breast cancer cell lines was not detected.Total 14 CpGs in this region were all methylated in gastric cancer cells,whereas two normal cells.GES-1 and HFI-145,were having several unmethylated cytosines in this region.HtrA1 showed as^Mr 44,000,Expression of HtrA1 protein was not observed in any of the four gastric caucer cell lines.BGC-823.MKN-45.SGC-7901and MKN-28.HtrA1 expression was observed in the HF1-145and GES-1 cell lines.Conclusions:The epigenetic silencing for HtrA1gene expression could provide a possible strategy for re-activating Htrt1 gene expression in gastric cancer cells.thus facilitating further investigation of HtrA1's role in chemotherapy.展开更多
The aim of this study was to examine how somatic mutations of the GATA4 gene contributed to the genesis of ventricular septal defect (VSD). The coding and intron-exon boundary regions of GATA4 were sequenced of DNA sa...The aim of this study was to examine how somatic mutations of the GATA4 gene contributed to the genesis of ventricular septal defect (VSD). The coding and intron-exon boundary regions of GATA4 were sequenced of DNA samples from peripheral blood cells and cardiac tissues of twenty surgically treated probands with VSD. Seven novel heterozygous variants were detected in cardiac tissues from VSD patients, but they were not detected in the peripheral blood cells of VSD patients or in 500 healthy control samples. We replicated 14 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) reported in NCBI. Bioinformatics analysis was performed to analyze the possible mechanism by which mutations were linked to VSD. Among those variants, c. 1004C>A (p.S335X) occurred in the highly conserved domain of GATA4 and generated a termination codon, which led to the production of truncated GATA4. The seven novel heterozygous GATA4 mutations were only identified in cardiac tissues with VSD, suggesting that they are of somatic origin. A higher mutation rate in cardiac tissues than in peripheral blood cells implies that the genetic contribution to VSD may have been underestimated.展开更多
[Objective] The paper was to isolate Colletotrichum sp.from strawberry and to screen effective fungicides.[Method] The indoor toxicity of 7 fungicides to Colletotrichum sp.was measured by growth rate method.The potted...[Objective] The paper was to isolate Colletotrichum sp.from strawberry and to screen effective fungicides.[Method] The indoor toxicity of 7 fungicides to Colletotrichum sp.was measured by growth rate method.The potted control effect of 3 fungicides on Colletotrichum sp.was evaluated.[Result] Fludioxonil exhibited the highest indoor toxicity to Colletotrichum sp.,with the EC50 value of 0.117 mg/L,and the EC50 value of prochloraz and difenoconazole were 0.141 and 0.357 mg/L,respectively.The pot experiment showed that the potted control effect of 20% fludioxonil2 000 times dilution on Colletotrichum sp.was the highest of 92.86%.450 g/L prochloraz EW 4 500 times dilution and 250 g/L difenoconazole EC2 500 times dilution also received high control effects against Colletotrichum sp.,which were 91.68% and 89.29%,respectively.[Conclusion] Fludioxonil,prochloraz and difenoconazole could be used for the control of strawberry anthracnose.展开更多
In this study,the unprecedented extreme rainfall event during 19-20 July 2021,which caused devastating flooding in Zhengzhou City and its nearby areas,is examined based on observational data analysis and WRF model 40-...In this study,the unprecedented extreme rainfall event during 19-20 July 2021,which caused devastating flooding in Zhengzhou City and its nearby areas,is examined based on observational data analysis and WRF model 40-h simulations on 1-km horizontal resolution.The results show that the model successfully reproduces(i)major synopticscale weather systems(i.e.,the western Pacific subtropical high,the Tibetan high,two typhoons,and the Huang-Huai cyclone),(ii)convective initiation along the east to north edge of the Songshan Mountain,where orographic lifting is obvious,and(iii)subsequent formation of the convective storm producing the extreme rainfall in Zhengzhou.In particular,the model generates the maximum rainfall rate of 233 mm h^(-1)and 40-h accumulated rainfall of 704 mm,corresponding well to the observed extreme values of 201.9 mm h^(-1)and 818 mm,at nearly observed timing and location.Importantly,the model reproduces an intense quasi-stationary,well-organized meso-γ-scale convective system,surrounded by an arc-shaped convergence zone,allowing the development of convective updrafts in a three-quarter circle around the convective system,in a way similar to“multidirectional pumping,”attracting all associated precipitation overlaid and concentrated into the same trailing region to generate the extreme hourly rainfall over Zhengzhou.Our study emphasizes the significant contribution of the unique dynamic structure of the well-organized meso-γ-scale convective system to the record-high hourly rainfall.A possible dynamic mechanism for short-time extreme rainfall production is proposed.That is,the arc-shaped convergence zone of the mesoscale convective system,acting like multidirectional lifting pumps,transports precipitation from different directions into the same region,and thus produces the extreme rainfall.The results gained herein may shed new light on better understanding and forecasting of short-time extreme rainfall.展开更多
Tornadoes are highly localized severe weather phenomena and have been of increasing concern in China [1] in recent years, especially after the sinking of the Oriental Star in 2015 [2] and severe tornado damage in Yanc...Tornadoes are highly localized severe weather phenomena and have been of increasing concern in China [1] in recent years, especially after the sinking of the Oriental Star in 2015 [2] and severe tornado damage in Yancheng in 2016 (3)Tornadoes induced by tropical cyclones, however, have received little attention.A recent study has shown that a large number of tornado-scale vortices can be produced at the inner edge of the intense eyewallconvection of tropical cyclones [4].展开更多
The cause–effect relationship between meso-γ-scale rotation and extreme short-term precipitation events remains elusive in mesoscale meteorological research.We aimed to elucidate this relationship by analyzing a rai...The cause–effect relationship between meso-γ-scale rotation and extreme short-term precipitation events remains elusive in mesoscale meteorological research.We aimed to elucidate this relationship by analyzing a rainstorm over the Pearl River Delta during the nocturnal hours of 15 May 2017 based on 6-min radar observations and 1-min rain gauge data.This rainstorm had a maximum hourly rainfall of 100.1 mm,with 26 stations recording hourly rainfall>60 mm h^(−1) in 5 h.Extreme heavy precipitation was produced in association with a convergence zone along the southern side of a synoptic low-level shear line,where southwesterly warm,humid airflows with precipitable water of>60 mm,little convection inhibition(<10 J kg^(−1)),and a low lifting condensation level(about 300 m)dominated.A meso-γ-scale vortex was quantitatively identified during the hour with the largest number of gauges observing extreme hourly rainfall.The vortex had a mean diameter of 6.1 km and a peak intensity of 3.1×10^(−3) s^(−1) during its lifetime of 54 min.The vortex initialized and remained inside the region of extreme rain rates(radar-retrieved rain rates>100 mm h^(−1)),reached its peak intensity after the peak of the collocated 6-min rainfall accumulation,and then weakened rapidly after the extreme rainfall region moved away.The radar-retrieved liquid water path was about five to seven times the ice water path and the specific differential phase(Kdp)below 0°C increased sharply downward during the lifetime of the vortex,suggesting the presence of active warm rain microphysical processes.These results indicate that the release of the latent heat of condensation induced by extreme rainfall could have contributed to the formation of the vortex in an environment with a weak 0–1-km vertical wind shear(about 4–5 m s^(−1))through enhanced lowlevel convergence,although the strengthening of low-level updrafts by rotational dynamic effects and short-term rainfall cannot be ruled out.展开更多
Programmed cell death(PCD)is essential for both plant development and stress responses including immunity.However,how plants control PCD is not well-understood.The shikimate pathway is one of the most important metabo...Programmed cell death(PCD)is essential for both plant development and stress responses including immunity.However,how plants control PCD is not well-understood.The shikimate pathway is one of the most important metabolic pathways in plants,but its relationship to PCD is unknown.Here,we show that the shikimate pathway promotes PCD in Arabidopsis.We identify a photoperiod-dependent lesion-mimic mutant named Lesion in short-day(lis),which forms spontaneous lesions in short-day conditions.Mapbased cloning and whole-genome resequencing reveal that LIS encodes MEE32,a bifunctional enzyme in the shikimate pathway.Metabolic analysis shows that the level of shikimate is dramatically increased in lis.Through genetic screenings,three suppressors of lis(slis)are identified and the causal genes are cloned.SLISes encode proteins upstream of MEE32 in the shikimate pathway.Furthermore,exogenous shikimate treatment causes PCD.Our study uncovers a link between the shikimate pathway and PCD,and suggests that the accumulation of shikimate is an alternative explanation for the action of glyphosate,the most successful herbicide.展开更多
It is well known that plants activate defense responses at the cost of growth.However,the underlying molecular mechanisms are not well understood.The phytohormones salicylic acid(SA)and gibberellin(GA)promote defense ...It is well known that plants activate defense responses at the cost of growth.However,the underlying molecular mechanisms are not well understood.The phytohormones salicylic acid(SA)and gibberellin(GA)promote defense response and growth,respectively.Here we show that SA inhibits GA signaling to repress plant growth.We found that the SA receptor NPR1 interacts with the GA receptor GID1.Further biochemical studies revealed that NPR1 functions as an adaptor of ubiquitin E3 ligase to promote the polyubiquitination and degradation of GID1,which enhances the stability of DELLA proteins,the negative regulators of GA signaling.Genetic analysis suggested that NPR1,GID1,and DELLA proteins are all required for the SA-mediated growth inhibition.Collectively,our study not only uncovers a novel regulatory mechanism of growth-defense trade-off but also reveals the interaction of hormone receptors as a new mode of hormonal crosstalk.展开更多
Background:DNA methylation and gene expression are known to play important roles in the etiology of human diseases such as prostate cancer(PCa).However,it has not yet been possible to incorporate information of DNA me...Background:DNA methylation and gene expression are known to play important roles in the etiology of human diseases such as prostate cancer(PCa).However,it has not yet been possible to incorporate information of DNA methylation and gene expression into polygenic risk scores(PRSs).Here,we aimed to develop and validate an improved PRS for PCa risk by incorporating genetically predicted gene expression and DNA methylation,and other genomic information using an integrative method.Methods:Using data from the PRACTICAL consortium,we derived multiple sets of genetic scores,including those based on available single-nucleotide polymorphisms through widely used methods of pruning and thresholding,LDpred,LDpred-funt,AnnoPred,and EBPRS,as well as PRS constructed using the genetically predicted gene expression and DNA methylation through a revised pruning and thresholding strategy.In the tuning step,using the UK Biobank data(1458 prevalent cases and 1467 controls),we selected PRSs with the best performance.Using an independent set of data from the UK Biobank,we developed an integrative PRS combining information from individual scores.Furthermore,in the testing step,we tested the performance of the integrative PRS in another independent set of UK Biobank data of incident cases and controls.Results:Our constructed PRS had improved performance(C statistics:76.1%)over PRSs constructed by individual benchmark methods(from 69.6%to 74.7%).Furthermore,our new PRS had much higher risk assessment power than family history.The overall net reclassification improvement was 69.0%by adding PRS to the baseline model compared with 12.5%by adding family history.Conclusions:We developed and validated a new PRS which may improve the utility in predicting the risk of developing PCa.Our innovative method can also be applied to other human diseases to improve risk prediction across multiple outcomes.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(81971875,82300661)Natural Science Foundation of Anhui province(2308085QH246)+3 种基金Natural Science Foundation of the Anhui Higher Education Institutions(KJ2021A0205)Basic and Clinical Cooperative Research Program of Anhui Medical University(2019xkjT002,2019xkjT022,2022xkjT013)Talent Training Program,School of Basic Medical Sciences,Anhui Medical University(2022YPJH102)National College Students Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program of China(202210366024)。
文摘Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD)is associated with mutations in lipopolysaccharide-binding protein(LBP),but the underlying epigenetic mechanisms remain understudied.Herein,LBP^(-/-)rats with NAFLD were established and used to conduct integrative targetingactive enhancer histone H3 lysine 27 acetylation(H3K27ac)chromatin immunoprecipitation coupled with high-throughput and transcriptomic sequencing analysis to explore the potential epigenetic pathomechanisms of active enhancers of NAFLD exacerbation upon LBP deficiency.Notably,LBP^(-/-)reduced the inflammatory response but markedly aggravated high-fat diet(HFD)-induced NAFLD in rats,with pronounced alterations in the histone acetylome and regulatory transcriptome.In total,1128 differential enhancer-target genes significantly enriched in cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism were identified between wild-type(WT)and LBP^(-/-)NAFLD rats.Based on integrative analysis,CCAAT/enhancer-binding proteinβ(C/EBPβ)was identified as a pivotal transcription factor(TF)and contributor to dysregulated histone acetylome H3K27ac,and the lipid metabolism gene SCD was identified as a downstream effector exacerbating NAFLD.This study not only broadens our understanding of the essential role of LBP in the pathogenesis of NAFLD from an epigenetics perspective but also identifies key TF C/EBPβand functional gene SCD as potential regulators and therapeutic targets.
基金jointly funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 41675023, 91337103, 91437101 and 41675029)the Scientific Research Projects of CAMS (Grant Nos. 2016Z005 and 2016LASW-B12)the Postgraduate Research & Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province (Grant Nos. KYCX17 0880)
文摘A modified hydrometeor classification algorithm(HCA) is developed in this study for Chinese polarimetric radars. This algorithm is based on the U.S. operational HCA. Meanwhile, the methodology of statistics-based optimization is proposed including calibration checking, datasets selection, membership functions modification, computation thresholds modification,and effect verification. Zhuhai radar, the first operational polarimetric radar in South China, applies these procedures. The systematic bias of calibration is corrected, the reliability of radar measurements deteriorates when the signal-to-noise ratio is low, and correlation coefficient within the melting layer is usually lower than that of the U.S. WSR-88D radar. Through modification based on statistical analysis of polarimetric variables, the localized HCA especially for Zhuhai is obtained,and it performs well over a one-month test through comparison with sounding and surface observations. The algorithm is then utilized for analysis of a squall line process on 11 May 2014 and is found to provide reasonable details with respect to horizontal and vertical structures, and the HCA results—especially in the mixed rain–hail region—can reflect the life cycle of the squall line. In addition, the kinematic and microphysical processes of cloud evolution and the differences between radardetected hail and surface observations are also analyzed. The results of this study provide evidence for the improvement of this HCA developed specifically for China.
基金primarily supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant Nos.2017YFC1501703 and 2018YFC1506404)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.41875053,41475015 and 41322032)+2 种基金the National Fundamental Research 973 Program of China(Grant Nos.2013CB430101 and2015CB452800)the Open Research Program of the State Key Laboratory of Severe Weatherthe Key Research Development Program of Jiangsu Science and Technology Department(Social Development Program,No.BE2016732)
文摘Dual-polarization(dual-pol)radar can measure additional parameters that provide more microphysical information of precipitation systems than those provided by conventional Doppler radar.The dual-pol parameters have been successfully utilized to investigate precipitation microphysics and improve radar quantitative precipitation estimation(QPE).The recent progress in dual-pol radar research and applications in China is summarized in four aspects.Firstly,the characteristics of several representative dual-pol radars are reviewed.Various approaches have been developed for radar data quality control,including calibration,attenuation correction,calculation of specific differential phase shift,and identification and removal of non-meteorological echoes.Using dual-pol radar measurements,the microphysical characteristics derived from raindrop size distribution retrieval,hydrometeor classification,and QPE is better understood in China.The limited number of studies in China that have sought to use dual-pol radar data to validate the microphysical parameterization and initialization of numerical models and assimilate dual-pol data into numerical models are summarized.The challenges of applying dual-pol data in numerical models and emerging technologies that may make significant impacts on the field of radar meteorology are discussed.
基金supported by Natural Science and Technology Fund of Hubei Povince(012726334)
文摘Objective:To explore HtrA1 gene expression aud its regulation in human gastric cancers.Methods:The HtrA1 mRNA levels were examined by QPCR analysis and coufirmed its expression with Northern blot analysis.The HtrA1 protein levels in all six gastric epithelial cell lines were investigated by Western blot analysis.Gene copy number was accessed and then sequenced the coding region from each mRNA in all six cell lines.The HtrA1 promoter region DNA methylation status was detected by using bisulfite sequeucing analysis.Effect of decitabine and TSA on HTRA1 expression in gastric cancer cell line was determined by RTPCR.Results:HIC analysis indicated that HtrA1 was highly expressed in normal epithelium,but dramatically down-regulated in gastric carcinoma tissues and variably expressed in tumor-adjacent tissues.HtrA1 gene expression was dramatically decreased in gastric carcinoma cells compared to nontumorigenic counterparts.The HtrA1 gene loss in any of the 4 breast cancer cell lines was not detected.Total 14 CpGs in this region were all methylated in gastric cancer cells,whereas two normal cells.GES-1 and HFI-145,were having several unmethylated cytosines in this region.HtrA1 showed as^Mr 44,000,Expression of HtrA1 protein was not observed in any of the four gastric caucer cell lines.BGC-823.MKN-45.SGC-7901and MKN-28.HtrA1 expression was observed in the HF1-145and GES-1 cell lines.Conclusions:The epigenetic silencing for HtrA1gene expression could provide a possible strategy for re-activating Htrt1 gene expression in gastric cancer cells.thus facilitating further investigation of HtrA1's role in chemotherapy.
基金supported by National Natural Science Fund of China (No.30871079)National Science Foundation of Jiangsu province (No. BK2007232)
文摘The aim of this study was to examine how somatic mutations of the GATA4 gene contributed to the genesis of ventricular septal defect (VSD). The coding and intron-exon boundary regions of GATA4 were sequenced of DNA samples from peripheral blood cells and cardiac tissues of twenty surgically treated probands with VSD. Seven novel heterozygous variants were detected in cardiac tissues from VSD patients, but they were not detected in the peripheral blood cells of VSD patients or in 500 healthy control samples. We replicated 14 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) reported in NCBI. Bioinformatics analysis was performed to analyze the possible mechanism by which mutations were linked to VSD. Among those variants, c. 1004C>A (p.S335X) occurred in the highly conserved domain of GATA4 and generated a termination codon, which led to the production of truncated GATA4. The seven novel heterozygous GATA4 mutations were only identified in cardiac tissues with VSD, suggesting that they are of somatic origin. A higher mutation rate in cardiac tissues than in peripheral blood cells implies that the genetic contribution to VSD may have been underestimated.
基金Supported by Overseas Talents Introduction Project of Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences(CXGC2021B04)。
文摘[Objective] The paper was to isolate Colletotrichum sp.from strawberry and to screen effective fungicides.[Method] The indoor toxicity of 7 fungicides to Colletotrichum sp.was measured by growth rate method.The potted control effect of 3 fungicides on Colletotrichum sp.was evaluated.[Result] Fludioxonil exhibited the highest indoor toxicity to Colletotrichum sp.,with the EC50 value of 0.117 mg/L,and the EC50 value of prochloraz and difenoconazole were 0.141 and 0.357 mg/L,respectively.The pot experiment showed that the potted control effect of 20% fludioxonil2 000 times dilution on Colletotrichum sp.was the highest of 92.86%.450 g/L prochloraz EW 4 500 times dilution and 250 g/L difenoconazole EC2 500 times dilution also received high control effects against Colletotrichum sp.,which were 91.68% and 89.29%,respectively.[Conclusion] Fludioxonil,prochloraz and difenoconazole could be used for the control of strawberry anthracnose.
基金Supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2017YFC1501806,2018YFC1507404)National Natural Science Foundation of China(42075083)。
文摘In this study,the unprecedented extreme rainfall event during 19-20 July 2021,which caused devastating flooding in Zhengzhou City and its nearby areas,is examined based on observational data analysis and WRF model 40-h simulations on 1-km horizontal resolution.The results show that the model successfully reproduces(i)major synopticscale weather systems(i.e.,the western Pacific subtropical high,the Tibetan high,two typhoons,and the Huang-Huai cyclone),(ii)convective initiation along the east to north edge of the Songshan Mountain,where orographic lifting is obvious,and(iii)subsequent formation of the convective storm producing the extreme rainfall in Zhengzhou.In particular,the model generates the maximum rainfall rate of 233 mm h^(-1)and 40-h accumulated rainfall of 704 mm,corresponding well to the observed extreme values of 201.9 mm h^(-1)and 818 mm,at nearly observed timing and location.Importantly,the model reproduces an intense quasi-stationary,well-organized meso-γ-scale convective system,surrounded by an arc-shaped convergence zone,allowing the development of convective updrafts in a three-quarter circle around the convective system,in a way similar to“multidirectional pumping,”attracting all associated precipitation overlaid and concentrated into the same trailing region to generate the extreme hourly rainfall over Zhengzhou.Our study emphasizes the significant contribution of the unique dynamic structure of the well-organized meso-γ-scale convective system to the record-high hourly rainfall.A possible dynamic mechanism for short-time extreme rainfall production is proposed.That is,the arc-shaped convergence zone of the mesoscale convective system,acting like multidirectional lifting pumps,transports precipitation from different directions into the same region,and thus produces the extreme rainfall.The results gained herein may shed new light on better understanding and forecasting of short-time extreme rainfall.
基金supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology of China (2018YFC1506103)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (41705028)the Basic Research Fund of the Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences (2017Y018)
文摘Tornadoes are highly localized severe weather phenomena and have been of increasing concern in China [1] in recent years, especially after the sinking of the Oriental Star in 2015 [2] and severe tornado damage in Yancheng in 2016 (3)Tornadoes induced by tropical cyclones, however, have received little attention.A recent study has shown that a large number of tornado-scale vortices can be produced at the inner edge of the intense eyewallconvection of tropical cyclones [4].
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(42030610)National Key Research and Development Program of China for Intergovernmental Cooperation(2019YFE0110100).
文摘The cause–effect relationship between meso-γ-scale rotation and extreme short-term precipitation events remains elusive in mesoscale meteorological research.We aimed to elucidate this relationship by analyzing a rainstorm over the Pearl River Delta during the nocturnal hours of 15 May 2017 based on 6-min radar observations and 1-min rain gauge data.This rainstorm had a maximum hourly rainfall of 100.1 mm,with 26 stations recording hourly rainfall>60 mm h^(−1) in 5 h.Extreme heavy precipitation was produced in association with a convergence zone along the southern side of a synoptic low-level shear line,where southwesterly warm,humid airflows with precipitable water of>60 mm,little convection inhibition(<10 J kg^(−1)),and a low lifting condensation level(about 300 m)dominated.A meso-γ-scale vortex was quantitatively identified during the hour with the largest number of gauges observing extreme hourly rainfall.The vortex had a mean diameter of 6.1 km and a peak intensity of 3.1×10^(−3) s^(−1) during its lifetime of 54 min.The vortex initialized and remained inside the region of extreme rain rates(radar-retrieved rain rates>100 mm h^(−1)),reached its peak intensity after the peak of the collocated 6-min rainfall accumulation,and then weakened rapidly after the extreme rainfall region moved away.The radar-retrieved liquid water path was about five to seven times the ice water path and the specific differential phase(Kdp)below 0°C increased sharply downward during the lifetime of the vortex,suggesting the presence of active warm rain microphysical processes.These results indicate that the release of the latent heat of condensation induced by extreme rainfall could have contributed to the formation of the vortex in an environment with a weak 0–1-km vertical wind shear(about 4–5 m s^(−1))through enhanced lowlevel convergence,although the strengthening of low-level updrafts by rotational dynamic effects and short-term rainfall cannot be ruled out.
基金supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31771355,31970311)Thousand Talents Plan of China-Young ProfessionalsHuazhong Agricultural University Scientific&Technological Self-innovation Foundation(2014RC004)。
文摘Programmed cell death(PCD)is essential for both plant development and stress responses including immunity.However,how plants control PCD is not well-understood.The shikimate pathway is one of the most important metabolic pathways in plants,but its relationship to PCD is unknown.Here,we show that the shikimate pathway promotes PCD in Arabidopsis.We identify a photoperiod-dependent lesion-mimic mutant named Lesion in short-day(lis),which forms spontaneous lesions in short-day conditions.Mapbased cloning and whole-genome resequencing reveal that LIS encodes MEE32,a bifunctional enzyme in the shikimate pathway.Metabolic analysis shows that the level of shikimate is dramatically increased in lis.Through genetic screenings,three suppressors of lis(slis)are identified and the causal genes are cloned.SLISes encode proteins upstream of MEE32 in the shikimate pathway.Furthermore,exogenous shikimate treatment causes PCD.Our study uncovers a link between the shikimate pathway and PCD,and suggests that the accumulation of shikimate is an alternative explanation for the action of glyphosate,the most successful herbicide.
文摘It is well known that plants activate defense responses at the cost of growth.However,the underlying molecular mechanisms are not well understood.The phytohormones salicylic acid(SA)and gibberellin(GA)promote defense response and growth,respectively.Here we show that SA inhibits GA signaling to repress plant growth.We found that the SA receptor NPR1 interacts with the GA receptor GID1.Further biochemical studies revealed that NPR1 functions as an adaptor of ubiquitin E3 ligase to promote the polyubiquitination and degradation of GID1,which enhances the stability of DELLA proteins,the negative regulators of GA signaling.Genetic analysis suggested that NPR1,GID1,and DELLA proteins are all required for the SA-mediated growth inhibition.Collectively,our study not only uncovers a novel regulatory mechanism of growth-defense trade-off but also reveals the interaction of hormone receptors as a new mode of hormonal crosstalk.
基金NIH,Grant/Award Number:R03 AG070669Canadian Institutes of Health Research,European Commission’s Seventh Framework Programme grant agreement,Grant/Award Number:HEALTH-F2-2009-223175+11 种基金Cancer Research UK,Grant/Award Numbers:C5047/A7357,C1287/A10118,C1287/A16563,C5047/A3354,C5047/A10692,C16913/A6135The National Institute of Health(NIH)Cancer Post-Cancer GWAS,Grant/Award Number:1 U19 CA 148537-01The National Health and Medical Research Council,Australia,Grant/Award Numbers:126402,209057,251533,396414,450104,504700,504702,504715,623204,940394,614296US National Institutes of Health(NIH),Grant/Award Number:U19 CA 148537Prostate cancer SuscEptibility(ELLIPSE),Grant/Award Number:X01HG007492Center for Inherited Disease Research(CIDR),Grant/Award Number:HHSN268201200008INIH NCI,Grant/Award Number:U01 CA188392European Community’s Seventh Framework Programme,Grant/Award Number:223175Post-Cancer GWAS initiative,Grant/Award Numbers:1U19 CA148537,1U19 CA148065,1U19 CA148112U.S.National Institutes of Health,National Cancer Institute,Grant/Award Numbers:U01-CA98233,U01-CA98710,U01-CA98216,U01-CA98758Swedish Cancer Foundation,Grant/Award Numbers:09-0677,11-484,12-823Swedish Research Council,Swedish Research Council,Grant/Award Numbers:K2010-70X-20430-04-3,2014-2269。
文摘Background:DNA methylation and gene expression are known to play important roles in the etiology of human diseases such as prostate cancer(PCa).However,it has not yet been possible to incorporate information of DNA methylation and gene expression into polygenic risk scores(PRSs).Here,we aimed to develop and validate an improved PRS for PCa risk by incorporating genetically predicted gene expression and DNA methylation,and other genomic information using an integrative method.Methods:Using data from the PRACTICAL consortium,we derived multiple sets of genetic scores,including those based on available single-nucleotide polymorphisms through widely used methods of pruning and thresholding,LDpred,LDpred-funt,AnnoPred,and EBPRS,as well as PRS constructed using the genetically predicted gene expression and DNA methylation through a revised pruning and thresholding strategy.In the tuning step,using the UK Biobank data(1458 prevalent cases and 1467 controls),we selected PRSs with the best performance.Using an independent set of data from the UK Biobank,we developed an integrative PRS combining information from individual scores.Furthermore,in the testing step,we tested the performance of the integrative PRS in another independent set of UK Biobank data of incident cases and controls.Results:Our constructed PRS had improved performance(C statistics:76.1%)over PRSs constructed by individual benchmark methods(from 69.6%to 74.7%).Furthermore,our new PRS had much higher risk assessment power than family history.The overall net reclassification improvement was 69.0%by adding PRS to the baseline model compared with 12.5%by adding family history.Conclusions:We developed and validated a new PRS which may improve the utility in predicting the risk of developing PCa.Our innovative method can also be applied to other human diseases to improve risk prediction across multiple outcomes.
