In the context of the joint operation of China’s intra-provincial markets and inter-provincial trading,how to meet the load demand and energy consumption using inter-provincial renewable energy trading is a key probl...In the context of the joint operation of China’s intra-provincial markets and inter-provincial trading,how to meet the load demand and energy consumption using inter-provincial renewable energy trading is a key problem.The combined operation of intra-provincial and inter-provincial markets provides a new way for provincial power companies to optimize and clear the intra-provincial power market,complete the intra-provincial consumption responsibility weight index,and consume renewable energy across provinces and regions.This paper combines power generation and consumption within the province,uses inter-provincial renewable energy trading tomeet the load demand within the province and completes the index of intra-provincial consumption responsibility weights.The intra-provincial market trading and inter-provincial market clearing are respectively taken as the upper and lower levels of the model.Under the two-level electricity market operation framework,the upper-level model aims to minimize the expected total operating cost within the province considering the carbon emission cost and the weight of the consumption responsibility,while the lower-level model aims to minimize the inter-provincial renewable energy purchasing cost.Finally,the influence of inter-provincial transaction mechanism,risk aversion coefficient,voucher price,and responsibility weight on operating cost is analyzed.Simulation is used to verify that the proposed model can meet the requirements of the provincial load power consumption and the consumption responsibility weight index,and promote the consumption of renewable energy.展开更多
Zero-valent iron(ZⅥ) was loaded on expanded graphite(EG) to produce a composite material(EG-ZⅥ) for efficient removal of hexavalent chromium(Cr(Ⅵ)). EG and EG-ZⅥ were characterized by X-ray diffraction(XRD), scann...Zero-valent iron(ZⅥ) was loaded on expanded graphite(EG) to produce a composite material(EG-ZⅥ) for efficient removal of hexavalent chromium(Cr(Ⅵ)). EG and EG-ZⅥ were characterized by X-ray diffraction(XRD), scanning electron microscopy(SEM),Fourier-transform infrared(FTIR) spectroscopy and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller(BET) analysis. EG-ZⅥ had a high specific surface area and contained sub-micron sized particles of zero-valent iron. Batch experiments were employed to evaluate the Cr(Ⅵ) removal performance. The results showed that the Cr(Ⅵ) removal rate was 98.80% for EG-ZⅥ,which was higher than that for both EG(10.00%) and ZⅥ(29.80%). Furthermore, the removal rate of Cr(Ⅵ) by EG-ZⅥ showed little dependence on solution p H within a p H range of 1–9.Even at pH 11, a Cr(Ⅵ) removal rate of 62.44% was obtained after reaction for 1 hr. EG-ZⅥ could enhance the removal of Cr(Ⅵ) via chemical reduction and physical adsorption,respectively. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS) was used to analyze the mechanisms of Cr(Ⅵ) removal, which indicated that the ZⅥ loaded on the surface was oxidized, and the removed Cr(Ⅵ) was immobilized via the formation of Cr(III) hydroxide and Cr(III)–Fe(III)hydroxide/oxyhydroxide on the surface of EG-ZⅥ.展开更多
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (51977127)Shanghai Municipal Science and Technology Commission (19020500800)“Shuguang Program” (20SG52)Shanghai Education Development Foundation and Shanghai Municipal Education Commission.
文摘In the context of the joint operation of China’s intra-provincial markets and inter-provincial trading,how to meet the load demand and energy consumption using inter-provincial renewable energy trading is a key problem.The combined operation of intra-provincial and inter-provincial markets provides a new way for provincial power companies to optimize and clear the intra-provincial power market,complete the intra-provincial consumption responsibility weight index,and consume renewable energy across provinces and regions.This paper combines power generation and consumption within the province,uses inter-provincial renewable energy trading tomeet the load demand within the province and completes the index of intra-provincial consumption responsibility weights.The intra-provincial market trading and inter-provincial market clearing are respectively taken as the upper and lower levels of the model.Under the two-level electricity market operation framework,the upper-level model aims to minimize the expected total operating cost within the province considering the carbon emission cost and the weight of the consumption responsibility,while the lower-level model aims to minimize the inter-provincial renewable energy purchasing cost.Finally,the influence of inter-provincial transaction mechanism,risk aversion coefficient,voucher price,and responsibility weight on operating cost is analyzed.Simulation is used to verify that the proposed model can meet the requirements of the provincial load power consumption and the consumption responsibility weight index,and promote the consumption of renewable energy.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2017YFD0801503)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.PYVZ1703)the Higher Education and High-quality and World-class Universities(PY201606)
文摘Zero-valent iron(ZⅥ) was loaded on expanded graphite(EG) to produce a composite material(EG-ZⅥ) for efficient removal of hexavalent chromium(Cr(Ⅵ)). EG and EG-ZⅥ were characterized by X-ray diffraction(XRD), scanning electron microscopy(SEM),Fourier-transform infrared(FTIR) spectroscopy and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller(BET) analysis. EG-ZⅥ had a high specific surface area and contained sub-micron sized particles of zero-valent iron. Batch experiments were employed to evaluate the Cr(Ⅵ) removal performance. The results showed that the Cr(Ⅵ) removal rate was 98.80% for EG-ZⅥ,which was higher than that for both EG(10.00%) and ZⅥ(29.80%). Furthermore, the removal rate of Cr(Ⅵ) by EG-ZⅥ showed little dependence on solution p H within a p H range of 1–9.Even at pH 11, a Cr(Ⅵ) removal rate of 62.44% was obtained after reaction for 1 hr. EG-ZⅥ could enhance the removal of Cr(Ⅵ) via chemical reduction and physical adsorption,respectively. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS) was used to analyze the mechanisms of Cr(Ⅵ) removal, which indicated that the ZⅥ loaded on the surface was oxidized, and the removed Cr(Ⅵ) was immobilized via the formation of Cr(III) hydroxide and Cr(III)–Fe(III)hydroxide/oxyhydroxide on the surface of EG-ZⅥ.
