Pyricularia oryzae anamorph of Magnaporthe oryzae is one of the most notorious fungal pathogens causing severe economic loss in rice production worldwide. Various methods, viz. cultural, biological and molecular appro...Pyricularia oryzae anamorph of Magnaporthe oryzae is one of the most notorious fungal pathogens causing severe economic loss in rice production worldwide. Various methods, viz. cultural, biological and molecular approaches, are utilized to counteract this pathogen. Moreover, some tolerant or resistant rice varieties have been developed with the help of breeding programmes. Isolation and molecular characterization of different blast resistance genes now open the gate for new possibilities to elucidate the actual allelic variants of these genes via various molecular breeding and transgenic approaches. However, the behavioral pattern of this fungus breakups the resistance barriers in the resistant or tolerant rice varieties. This host-pathogen barrier will be possibly countered in future research by comparative genomics data from available genome sequence data of rice and M. oryzae for durable resistance. Present review emphasized fascinating recent updates, new molecular breeding approaches, transgenic and genomics approaches(i.e. mi RNA and genome editing) for the management of blast disease in rice. The updated information will be helpful for the durable, resistance breeding programme in rice against blast pathogen.展开更多
Rice varieties having high Fe concentration in the endospermic region can be used as a good source for Fe deficit population.In this study,303 Oryza sativa varieties and 1 Oryza rufipogon accession were assessed for s...Rice varieties having high Fe concentration in the endospermic region can be used as a good source for Fe deficit population.In this study,303 Oryza sativa varieties and 1 Oryza rufipogon accession were assessed for spatial Fe accumulation in grains by Prussian blue staining method.Spatial ferritin protein distribution in grains was visualized by immunohistochemistry,and ferritin expression was assessed in selected rice varieties using semi-quantitative reverse transcription PCR.Three popular rice varieties,namely Sarjoo 52,Madhukar and Jalmagna,and the O.rufipogon variety showed Fe in all the regions of grains,and the highest Fe concentration was observed in the embryo region.Some high-yielding varieties like Swarna,Swarna Sub 1,CSR13 and NDRR359 had lower Fe concentration in the embryo region.The highest Fe concentration was detected in O.rufipogon(49.8μg/g),followed by Sarjoo 52(26.1μg/g)and Madhukar(25.7μg/g).Phytic acid concentration was the minimum in O.rufipogon(5.75 mg/g)followed by Sarjoo 52(5.83 mg/g).Western blot and semi-quantitative reverse transcription PCR showed higher expression of ferritin gene in O.rufipogon,Sarjoo 52 and Madhukar.In conclusion,O.rufipogon and Sarjoo 52 had higher Fe concentration in the embryo regions as well as endosperm and aleurone layer,whereas the other varieties had lower Fe concentration in the endosperm.Sarjoo 52 could be used as a donor in the rice breeding program for the generation of new varieties with elevated grain Fe concentration.展开更多
The application of high pressure favors many chemical processes, providing higher yields or improved rates in chemical reactions and improved solvent power in separation processes, and allowing activation barriers to ...The application of high pressure favors many chemical processes, providing higher yields or improved rates in chemical reactions and improved solvent power in separation processes, and allowing activation barriers to be overcome through the increase in molecular energy and molecular collision rates. High pressures-up to millions of bars using diamond anvil cells-can be achieved in the laboratory, and lead to many new routes for chemical synthesis and the synthesis of new materials with desirable thermody- namic, transport, and electronic properties. On the industrial scale, however, high-pressure processing is currently limited by the cost of compression and by materials limitations, so that few industrial processes are carried out at pressures above 25 MPa. An alternative approach to high-pressure processing is pro- posed here, in which very high local pressures are generated using the surface-driven interactions from a solid substrate. Recent experiments and molecular simulations show that such interactions can lead to local pressures as high as tens of thousands of bars （1 bar=1×10^5 Pa）, and even millions of bars in some cases. Since the active high-pressure processing zone is inhomogeneous, the pressure is different in dif- ferent directions. In many cases, it is the pressure in the direction parallel to the surface of the substrate （the tangential pressure） that is most greatly enhanced. This pressure is exerted on the molecules to be processed, but not on the solid substrate or the containing vessel. Current knowledge of such pressure enhancement is reviewed, and the possibility of an alternative route to high-pressure processing based on surface-driven forces is discussed. Such surface-driven high-pressure processing would have the advantage of achieving much higher pressures than are possible with traditional bulk-phase processing, since it eliminates the need for mechanical compression. Moreover, no increased pressure is exerted on the containing vessel for the process, thus eliminating concerns about materials failure.展开更多
文摘Pyricularia oryzae anamorph of Magnaporthe oryzae is one of the most notorious fungal pathogens causing severe economic loss in rice production worldwide. Various methods, viz. cultural, biological and molecular approaches, are utilized to counteract this pathogen. Moreover, some tolerant or resistant rice varieties have been developed with the help of breeding programmes. Isolation and molecular characterization of different blast resistance genes now open the gate for new possibilities to elucidate the actual allelic variants of these genes via various molecular breeding and transgenic approaches. However, the behavioral pattern of this fungus breakups the resistance barriers in the resistant or tolerant rice varieties. This host-pathogen barrier will be possibly countered in future research by comparative genomics data from available genome sequence data of rice and M. oryzae for durable resistance. Present review emphasized fascinating recent updates, new molecular breeding approaches, transgenic and genomics approaches(i.e. mi RNA and genome editing) for the management of blast disease in rice. The updated information will be helpful for the durable, resistance breeding programme in rice against blast pathogen.
基金supported by the Department of Biotechnology,New Delhi,India.
文摘Rice varieties having high Fe concentration in the endospermic region can be used as a good source for Fe deficit population.In this study,303 Oryza sativa varieties and 1 Oryza rufipogon accession were assessed for spatial Fe accumulation in grains by Prussian blue staining method.Spatial ferritin protein distribution in grains was visualized by immunohistochemistry,and ferritin expression was assessed in selected rice varieties using semi-quantitative reverse transcription PCR.Three popular rice varieties,namely Sarjoo 52,Madhukar and Jalmagna,and the O.rufipogon variety showed Fe in all the regions of grains,and the highest Fe concentration was observed in the embryo region.Some high-yielding varieties like Swarna,Swarna Sub 1,CSR13 and NDRR359 had lower Fe concentration in the embryo region.The highest Fe concentration was detected in O.rufipogon(49.8μg/g),followed by Sarjoo 52(26.1μg/g)and Madhukar(25.7μg/g).Phytic acid concentration was the minimum in O.rufipogon(5.75 mg/g)followed by Sarjoo 52(5.83 mg/g).Western blot and semi-quantitative reverse transcription PCR showed higher expression of ferritin gene in O.rufipogon,Sarjoo 52 and Madhukar.In conclusion,O.rufipogon and Sarjoo 52 had higher Fe concentration in the embryo regions as well as endosperm and aleurone layer,whereas the other varieties had lower Fe concentration in the endosperm.Sarjoo 52 could be used as a donor in the rice breeding program for the generation of new varieties with elevated grain Fe concentration.
基金the US National Science Foundation (CBET-1603851 and CHE-1710102) for support of this workthe National Science Center of Poland (DEC-2013/09/B/ST4/03711) for support
文摘The application of high pressure favors many chemical processes, providing higher yields or improved rates in chemical reactions and improved solvent power in separation processes, and allowing activation barriers to be overcome through the increase in molecular energy and molecular collision rates. High pressures-up to millions of bars using diamond anvil cells-can be achieved in the laboratory, and lead to many new routes for chemical synthesis and the synthesis of new materials with desirable thermody- namic, transport, and electronic properties. On the industrial scale, however, high-pressure processing is currently limited by the cost of compression and by materials limitations, so that few industrial processes are carried out at pressures above 25 MPa. An alternative approach to high-pressure processing is pro- posed here, in which very high local pressures are generated using the surface-driven interactions from a solid substrate. Recent experiments and molecular simulations show that such interactions can lead to local pressures as high as tens of thousands of bars （1 bar=1×10^5 Pa）, and even millions of bars in some cases. Since the active high-pressure processing zone is inhomogeneous, the pressure is different in dif- ferent directions. In many cases, it is the pressure in the direction parallel to the surface of the substrate （the tangential pressure） that is most greatly enhanced. This pressure is exerted on the molecules to be processed, but not on the solid substrate or the containing vessel. Current knowledge of such pressure enhancement is reviewed, and the possibility of an alternative route to high-pressure processing based on surface-driven forces is discussed. Such surface-driven high-pressure processing would have the advantage of achieving much higher pressures than are possible with traditional bulk-phase processing, since it eliminates the need for mechanical compression. Moreover, no increased pressure is exerted on the containing vessel for the process, thus eliminating concerns about materials failure.
