Monetary incentives underlie academic publications,especially in countries where many researchers'incomes are performance-based.Evidence has documented that social ties improve the chances of publication in journa...Monetary incentives underlie academic publications,especially in countries where many researchers'incomes are performance-based.Evidence has documented that social ties improve the chances of publication in journals,whereas building and maintaining social ties require resources.We develop a simple model to investigate the consequences of monetary investment on the probability of publication through social ties.The results indicate that monetary incentive can stimulate researchers to make more efforts regarding publication.Through social ties,monetary investment in the process of academic publication distorts researchers'incentive.Monetary investment through social ties improves the probability of publication and then disables the signaling function of publication in terms of researchers'abilities.Depending on the contribution of different types of researchers to society and the ability of the latter to differentiate the quality of publication in journals,the improvement in publication probability by monetary investment through social ties may improve or reduce the level of social welfare.展开更多
China and the United States(US)have established respective cul-tural institutions in each other,namely the Confucius Institute and the American Cultural Centre.While they differ in the estab-lishment background and ma...China and the United States(US)have established respective cul-tural institutions in each other,namely the Confucius Institute and the American Cultural Centre.While they differ in the estab-lishment background and management model,in their counter-part countries’view,both Confucius Institutes and American Cultural Centres serve the function of public diplomacy as a‘quasi-diplomatic agency’,attracting extensive political attention.When comparing the history of their developments in the US and China,a similar trend of‘rise-to-fall’and‘positivity-to-negativity’can be observed.The stagnation of American Cultural Centres in China and the crisis of Confucius Institutes in the US both origin-ate from the same source—political pressure.The development paths of both institutions are closely related to the development and transformation of Sino–US political relations.In this process,China’s attitude is relatively moderate in an attempt to maintain the continuous development of a friendly bilateral relation,while the US is anxious about China’s rising status as its economic and strategic competitor,thereby adjusting its China policy and imposing rigid political controls over Confucius Institutes.Affected by the Sino–US trade dispute and the COVID-19 pandemic,Sino–US relations deteriorate further;accordingly,the future out-look of Confucius Institutes in the US is worrying.However,with abundant uncertainties,the future of the Confucius Institute remains to be further studied.展开更多
A novel dataset is presented that reveals a general pattern of declining favourability in news stories about Confucius Institutes(CIs)from 2006 through 2015 in six English-speaking countries:the US,the UK,Canada,Austr...A novel dataset is presented that reveals a general pattern of declining favourability in news stories about Confucius Institutes(CIs)from 2006 through 2015 in six English-speaking countries:the US,the UK,Canada,Australia,India and Kenya.There are sig-nificant differences in mean favourability and time trends across countries,however.Decreasing trends in favourability are observed in the US and Canada,in particular,whereas Kenya and India’s time trends are nil or possibly increasing.We report empir-ical models of favourability conditional on GDP per capita,trade with China and the number of CIs across country-year observa-tions.Consistent with Pew polling data,our data reveal an inter-esting pair of conflicting income effects.High-income countries tend to be more negative and less positive on CIs than low-income countries overall.Within-country positive shocks to real GDP per capita,however,are positively associated with favourabil-ity after cross-country differences in income levels are absorbed by country fixed effects.The number of CIs in a country has mixed effects on the favourability of news coverage about CIs across country-year observations.Despite billions of dollars spent on public diplomacy by the Chinese government,our findings suggest that its return on investment in public diplomacy in the form of CIs may not be as expected.展开更多
Foreign direct investment (FDI) and foreign remittance have been the main sources of external capital inflows for many developing countries.FDI has been credited as the main driver of rapid economic growth in many Asi...Foreign direct investment (FDI) and foreign remittance have been the main sources of external capital inflows for many developing countries.FDI has been credited as the main driver of rapid economic growth in many Asian countries/regions in recent decades.However,this effect of FDI on long-run economic growth has not been observed in Latin American countries.Now,the question is whether FDI and an increase in foreign remittances in the past two decades have achieved expected positive results in terms of economic growth for emerging economies.This study uses a generalized method of moments (GMM) dynamic panel model to quantify the impacts of FDI and foreign remittances as sources of foreign capital for Asia and Latin America.Our findings suggest that FDI and remittances perform differently in different regions in terms of their impacts on GDP growth.Countries that have specific policies (i.e.,industrial policy,domestic content requirement,and export production targets) for FDI are likely to derive more significant benefits from FDI and remittances.Developing countries that are emerging or lagging should learn from the countries with positive outcomes and implement similar policies.展开更多
The concept of soft power is proposed by Joseph Nye as a complementary alternative to hard power built by military strength and country wealth.Essentially,soft power is an attraction turning into preference and influe...The concept of soft power is proposed by Joseph Nye as a complementary alternative to hard power built by military strength and country wealth.Essentially,soft power is an attraction turning into preference and influence.In Nye’s opinion,the tools to obtain soft power are mainly political values,culture,and foreign policies.The concept of soft power is widely endorsed by every country which designs and extends efforts to increase its soft power.This issue collects five papers on topics related to soft power.展开更多
Along with China's rise,intra-regional relationships in Asia have been rapidly intensified.Economic development strategies and paths become more interdependent among countries.Policy coordination becomes increasin...Along with China's rise,intra-regional relationships in Asia have been rapidly intensified.Economic development strategies and paths become more interdependent among countries.Policy coordination becomes increasingly critical.For example,there has been a call for better coordination between China and Japan to establish a regional currency for exchange rate stabilisation in Asia.Political considerations play an increasingly important role.To what extent should the Washington Consensus be followed?What is the relation-ship between economic performance and political approval?How should China respond to diplomatic challenges in the international economic arena?Internally,cultural factors affect the level and meaning of country performance.As China continues to grow,status and positional goods account for a major part of performance evaluation while social capital remains as an effective tool to restore economic efficiency.展开更多
文摘Monetary incentives underlie academic publications,especially in countries where many researchers'incomes are performance-based.Evidence has documented that social ties improve the chances of publication in journals,whereas building and maintaining social ties require resources.We develop a simple model to investigate the consequences of monetary investment on the probability of publication through social ties.The results indicate that monetary incentive can stimulate researchers to make more efforts regarding publication.Through social ties,monetary investment in the process of academic publication distorts researchers'incentive.Monetary investment through social ties improves the probability of publication and then disables the signaling function of publication in terms of researchers'abilities.Depending on the contribution of different types of researchers to society and the ability of the latter to differentiate the quality of publication in journals,the improvement in publication probability by monetary investment through social ties may improve or reduce the level of social welfare.
文摘China and the United States(US)have established respective cul-tural institutions in each other,namely the Confucius Institute and the American Cultural Centre.While they differ in the estab-lishment background and management model,in their counter-part countries’view,both Confucius Institutes and American Cultural Centres serve the function of public diplomacy as a‘quasi-diplomatic agency’,attracting extensive political attention.When comparing the history of their developments in the US and China,a similar trend of‘rise-to-fall’and‘positivity-to-negativity’can be observed.The stagnation of American Cultural Centres in China and the crisis of Confucius Institutes in the US both origin-ate from the same source—political pressure.The development paths of both institutions are closely related to the development and transformation of Sino–US political relations.In this process,China’s attitude is relatively moderate in an attempt to maintain the continuous development of a friendly bilateral relation,while the US is anxious about China’s rising status as its economic and strategic competitor,thereby adjusting its China policy and imposing rigid political controls over Confucius Institutes.Affected by the Sino–US trade dispute and the COVID-19 pandemic,Sino–US relations deteriorate further;accordingly,the future out-look of Confucius Institutes in the US is worrying.However,with abundant uncertainties,the future of the Confucius Institute remains to be further studied.
文摘A novel dataset is presented that reveals a general pattern of declining favourability in news stories about Confucius Institutes(CIs)from 2006 through 2015 in six English-speaking countries:the US,the UK,Canada,Australia,India and Kenya.There are sig-nificant differences in mean favourability and time trends across countries,however.Decreasing trends in favourability are observed in the US and Canada,in particular,whereas Kenya and India’s time trends are nil or possibly increasing.We report empir-ical models of favourability conditional on GDP per capita,trade with China and the number of CIs across country-year observa-tions.Consistent with Pew polling data,our data reveal an inter-esting pair of conflicting income effects.High-income countries tend to be more negative and less positive on CIs than low-income countries overall.Within-country positive shocks to real GDP per capita,however,are positively associated with favourabil-ity after cross-country differences in income levels are absorbed by country fixed effects.The number of CIs in a country has mixed effects on the favourability of news coverage about CIs across country-year observations.Despite billions of dollars spent on public diplomacy by the Chinese government,our findings suggest that its return on investment in public diplomacy in the form of CIs may not be as expected.
文摘Foreign direct investment (FDI) and foreign remittance have been the main sources of external capital inflows for many developing countries.FDI has been credited as the main driver of rapid economic growth in many Asian countries/regions in recent decades.However,this effect of FDI on long-run economic growth has not been observed in Latin American countries.Now,the question is whether FDI and an increase in foreign remittances in the past two decades have achieved expected positive results in terms of economic growth for emerging economies.This study uses a generalized method of moments (GMM) dynamic panel model to quantify the impacts of FDI and foreign remittances as sources of foreign capital for Asia and Latin America.Our findings suggest that FDI and remittances perform differently in different regions in terms of their impacts on GDP growth.Countries that have specific policies (i.e.,industrial policy,domestic content requirement,and export production targets) for FDI are likely to derive more significant benefits from FDI and remittances.Developing countries that are emerging or lagging should learn from the countries with positive outcomes and implement similar policies.
文摘The concept of soft power is proposed by Joseph Nye as a complementary alternative to hard power built by military strength and country wealth.Essentially,soft power is an attraction turning into preference and influence.In Nye’s opinion,the tools to obtain soft power are mainly political values,culture,and foreign policies.The concept of soft power is widely endorsed by every country which designs and extends efforts to increase its soft power.This issue collects five papers on topics related to soft power.
文摘Along with China's rise,intra-regional relationships in Asia have been rapidly intensified.Economic development strategies and paths become more interdependent among countries.Policy coordination becomes increasingly critical.For example,there has been a call for better coordination between China and Japan to establish a regional currency for exchange rate stabilisation in Asia.Political considerations play an increasingly important role.To what extent should the Washington Consensus be followed?What is the relation-ship between economic performance and political approval?How should China respond to diplomatic challenges in the international economic arena?Internally,cultural factors affect the level and meaning of country performance.As China continues to grow,status and positional goods account for a major part of performance evaluation while social capital remains as an effective tool to restore economic efficiency.
