In Africa, each year, there are estimated to be more than 91 million cases of salmonellosis and 137,000 cases of death. The problem of antibiotic resistance in Salmonella strains is a threat to public health. The obje...In Africa, each year, there are estimated to be more than 91 million cases of salmonellosis and 137,000 cases of death. The problem of antibiotic resistance in Salmonella strains is a threat to public health. The objective of this study is to evaluate the antibiotic resistance profile of Salmonella strains isolated in biological products analyzed at the National Laboratory of Clinical Biology and Public Health (NLCBPH) in Bangui. This is, therefore, a cross-sectional study with a descriptive aim, running from January to December 2022. It focused on the strains of Salmonella isolated and identified in stools, urines, and blood samples. For each strain of Salmonella isolated, an antibiogram was carried out following the recommendations of the French Society of Microbiology (CASFM, 2022). A total of 93 strains of Salmonella have been recorded. The age group 0 - 9 years was 29% and that of >50 years was 11%. The median age of patients was 30 years with a minimum of 1 and a maximum of 78 years. The female gender was more represented at 52.69% than the male gender at 47.31%, i.e. a sex ratio of 0.89 (M/F). Salmonella strains were much more isolated in stools at 62% followed by urines at 29% and blood at 6%. Salmonella arizonae strains were more represented with 52%. Salmonella strains have a resistance rate to Tetracycline of 62.37% followed by Penicillins of 50%. The rate of multi-antibiotic resistance of the Salmonella strains isolated represented 48.38%. Salmonella spp. strains were multi-resistant at 58.69% followed by Salmonella arizonae strains at 47.91%. There is a significant association between the different families of antibiotics and Salmonella strains (p < 0.05). According to the results obtained, Penicillins, Phenicoles, and Cyclins had a high rate of resistance on Salmonella strains. No strain-producing Broad Spectrum Beta-lactamase has been isolated. Salmonella strains represent a zoonotic health danger, constitute a public health problem and remain a current subject. This germ is resistant to the antibiotics used. It is, therefore, essential to emphasize monitoring the resistance of these germs in the Central African Republic (CAR) to improve the health of the population.展开更多
Objective: COVID-19 surveillance was established as early as March 2020 in the Central African Republic (CAR), after the WHO statement relating to the identification of several cases outside China. However, given the ...Objective: COVID-19 surveillance was established as early as March 2020 in the Central African Republic (CAR), after the WHO statement relating to the identification of several cases outside China. However, given the non-performing molecular biology technical platform in many developing countries in sub-Saharan Africa, the second wave promised to be surprising and formidable. In this context, a mass survey was launched in Bangui to determine the prevalence of COVID-19. Patients and Methods: From March 18 to April 2, 2021, a mass screening campaign took place in tourist places, companies and the main hospital infrastructures. Nasopharyngeal swab samples were collected from participants with and without symptoms of Influenza-like illness (ILI) and stored in VTM tubes. The Ag (COVID-19) and RT-PCR tests were carried out in Bangui at the LNBCSP. The sequencing of RT-PCR SARS-CoV-2 positives was carried out at the INRB. Results: We included 1480 participants of whom 33 (2.23%) were SARS-COV-2 positive, of whom 24 were male and 9 female. This sex difference was statistically significant (p = 0.012) as the sex ratio M/F was 1.09. Sampling sites located in the 1st arrondissement were the most prolific (p = 0.006) and were sequenced. In addition to the analysis of the 33 samples from the predefined sites under study, 17 control sequences from the provinces generated during the same period are added. We detected 2 Variants Of Concern (VOC) including the predominant B.1.620 (43.86%) followed by B.1.1.7 or Alpha (5.10%). Conclusion: The study showed the importance of surveillance and the availability of means of diagnosis of COVID-19. The identified risk factors were sex and sampling site. This study has shown the importance of setting up sentinel sites for COVID-19 surveillance in all regions of the country and the appropriate use of the anti-COVID-19 vaccine.展开更多
Microscopy-positive and drug-resistant pulmonary tuberculosis (MPT+) is one of the most feared diseases due to the cost of its management and the associated mortality. The GeneXpert, a new molecular test, is in greate...Microscopy-positive and drug-resistant pulmonary tuberculosis (MPT+) is one of the most feared diseases due to the cost of its management and the associated mortality. The GeneXpert, a new molecular test, is in greater demand for the diagnosis of MPT+ resistance cases. The application of GeneXpert to new cases of MPT+ is not effective in the country’s TB screening centres. The objective of this study is to assess the contribution of GeneXpert to the determination of MPT+ resistance cases in Bangui. The study was cross-sectional and covered the period from February to July 2022. The diagnosis of tuberculosis was first performed by microscopy with Ziehl Neelsen hot stain. The GeneXpert was then used to test for resistance in the sputum of all patients with positive microscopy. The collected data was entered into Excel 2013 and analysed with Epi Info 3.3.7. We analysed data from 755 patients, 80 of whom had resistance. The 80 patients ranged in age from 6 to 68 years (mean age = 35 years). The prevalence of resistant TB was 10.60% (80/755). Primary resistance accounted for 73.75% and secondary resistance for 26.25%. The age group 20 - 39 years (57.50%), male (72.50%), 8th district (17.50%), people living in couples (53.75%), farmers (13.75%) were the socio-demographic characteristics most affected by resistance. Treatment failure (13.75%), relapses (13.75%), the notion of contagion (28.75%), a history of smoking (40%) and alcohol (61.25%) were the clinical antecedents reported by the patients. Treatment failure and relapse were the variables associated with the occurrence of resistant PMT+ (p 0.05). A considerable proportion of the overall Mycobacterium tuberculosis resistance to anti-tuberculosis drugs (10.60%) was identified by GeneXpert. Treatment failure and relapse were the factors associated with the risk of resistance.展开更多
Context and objective: The COVID-19 pandemic has become a major public health problem and has mobilized many innovative means of diagnosis. The Central African Republic is not spared. The emergence of variants and the...Context and objective: The COVID-19 pandemic has become a major public health problem and has mobilized many innovative means of diagnosis. The Central African Republic is not spared. The emergence of variants and their impact require health monitoring despite the obligation of vaccination. The purpose of this campaign was to determine the circulation of pending second-wave variants. Patients and Methods: A second mass screening campaign took place from 02 to 22 July 2021 in the main land and river entry points of Bangui (Exit North-PK12, Exit South-PK9, Port Beach) and at the LNBCSP. Antigenic and RT-PCR tests carried out on nasopharyngeal samples made it possible to select strains which were finally sequenced. Results: Of 2687 participants included in the study, 53 (1.97%) were positive for SARS-CoV-2. Thirteen (1.53%) were male and 40 (2.18%) female. The analyses carried out on the LumiraDx analyzer were positive for 109 samples against 53 on the RT-PCR. The prevalence was higher in the most tested age groups (30 to 50 years) with two clusters identified. B.1.617.2 (Delta) variants were predominant (57%). Conclusion: SARS-CoV-2 continues to circulate. The acquisition of automated antigenic tests (LumiraDx®) with sensitivity and specificity close to those of the reference test (RT-PCR) will allow better mass diagnosis for an optimization of the surveillance of COVID-19 in our countries with limited resources. The predominance of the B.1.617.2 (Delta) variant would suggest a third wave in the Central African Republic.展开更多
Traditional ready-to-eat food products are topical in Central African Republic They are sold in most cases on the roadside and present a variety of productions including the porridge made from cereal derivatives (Pean...Traditional ready-to-eat food products are topical in Central African Republic They are sold in most cases on the roadside and present a variety of productions including the porridge made from cereal derivatives (Peanut and Rice), commonly called “potato” These foods are sold under precarious hygienic conditions, which constitute a major public health risk for consumers, especially children under five and vulnerable people. It is in this context that a study was carried out in eight districts of the city of Bangui on porridge made from rice and peanuts in order to assess the levels and risks of contamination of these foods. The results obtained showed that this activity is performed most often by women between the ages of 20 and 29. Of these, 17.85% have never been to school;44.64% have a level of primary school. The results of the microbiological analysis carried out revealed a strong proliferation of germs indicators of faecal contamination, hygiene indicators in different points of sale, the average content of the contamination of aerobic mesophilic flora, fecal coliforms, total coliforms and Staphylococcus aureus are respectively 4.33 × 10<sup>3</sup>, 1.845 × 10<sup>3</sup> and 1.508 × 10<sup>3 </sup>CFU. No presence of <em>Salmonella</em> and <em>Shigella</em> was observed. The various stages of porridge production until sale requires the application of hygiene rules in order to avoid intoxication and toxi-infection of consumers.展开更多
文摘In Africa, each year, there are estimated to be more than 91 million cases of salmonellosis and 137,000 cases of death. The problem of antibiotic resistance in Salmonella strains is a threat to public health. The objective of this study is to evaluate the antibiotic resistance profile of Salmonella strains isolated in biological products analyzed at the National Laboratory of Clinical Biology and Public Health (NLCBPH) in Bangui. This is, therefore, a cross-sectional study with a descriptive aim, running from January to December 2022. It focused on the strains of Salmonella isolated and identified in stools, urines, and blood samples. For each strain of Salmonella isolated, an antibiogram was carried out following the recommendations of the French Society of Microbiology (CASFM, 2022). A total of 93 strains of Salmonella have been recorded. The age group 0 - 9 years was 29% and that of >50 years was 11%. The median age of patients was 30 years with a minimum of 1 and a maximum of 78 years. The female gender was more represented at 52.69% than the male gender at 47.31%, i.e. a sex ratio of 0.89 (M/F). Salmonella strains were much more isolated in stools at 62% followed by urines at 29% and blood at 6%. Salmonella arizonae strains were more represented with 52%. Salmonella strains have a resistance rate to Tetracycline of 62.37% followed by Penicillins of 50%. The rate of multi-antibiotic resistance of the Salmonella strains isolated represented 48.38%. Salmonella spp. strains were multi-resistant at 58.69% followed by Salmonella arizonae strains at 47.91%. There is a significant association between the different families of antibiotics and Salmonella strains (p < 0.05). According to the results obtained, Penicillins, Phenicoles, and Cyclins had a high rate of resistance on Salmonella strains. No strain-producing Broad Spectrum Beta-lactamase has been isolated. Salmonella strains represent a zoonotic health danger, constitute a public health problem and remain a current subject. This germ is resistant to the antibiotics used. It is, therefore, essential to emphasize monitoring the resistance of these germs in the Central African Republic (CAR) to improve the health of the population.
文摘Objective: COVID-19 surveillance was established as early as March 2020 in the Central African Republic (CAR), after the WHO statement relating to the identification of several cases outside China. However, given the non-performing molecular biology technical platform in many developing countries in sub-Saharan Africa, the second wave promised to be surprising and formidable. In this context, a mass survey was launched in Bangui to determine the prevalence of COVID-19. Patients and Methods: From March 18 to April 2, 2021, a mass screening campaign took place in tourist places, companies and the main hospital infrastructures. Nasopharyngeal swab samples were collected from participants with and without symptoms of Influenza-like illness (ILI) and stored in VTM tubes. The Ag (COVID-19) and RT-PCR tests were carried out in Bangui at the LNBCSP. The sequencing of RT-PCR SARS-CoV-2 positives was carried out at the INRB. Results: We included 1480 participants of whom 33 (2.23%) were SARS-COV-2 positive, of whom 24 were male and 9 female. This sex difference was statistically significant (p = 0.012) as the sex ratio M/F was 1.09. Sampling sites located in the 1st arrondissement were the most prolific (p = 0.006) and were sequenced. In addition to the analysis of the 33 samples from the predefined sites under study, 17 control sequences from the provinces generated during the same period are added. We detected 2 Variants Of Concern (VOC) including the predominant B.1.620 (43.86%) followed by B.1.1.7 or Alpha (5.10%). Conclusion: The study showed the importance of surveillance and the availability of means of diagnosis of COVID-19. The identified risk factors were sex and sampling site. This study has shown the importance of setting up sentinel sites for COVID-19 surveillance in all regions of the country and the appropriate use of the anti-COVID-19 vaccine.
文摘Microscopy-positive and drug-resistant pulmonary tuberculosis (MPT+) is one of the most feared diseases due to the cost of its management and the associated mortality. The GeneXpert, a new molecular test, is in greater demand for the diagnosis of MPT+ resistance cases. The application of GeneXpert to new cases of MPT+ is not effective in the country’s TB screening centres. The objective of this study is to assess the contribution of GeneXpert to the determination of MPT+ resistance cases in Bangui. The study was cross-sectional and covered the period from February to July 2022. The diagnosis of tuberculosis was first performed by microscopy with Ziehl Neelsen hot stain. The GeneXpert was then used to test for resistance in the sputum of all patients with positive microscopy. The collected data was entered into Excel 2013 and analysed with Epi Info 3.3.7. We analysed data from 755 patients, 80 of whom had resistance. The 80 patients ranged in age from 6 to 68 years (mean age = 35 years). The prevalence of resistant TB was 10.60% (80/755). Primary resistance accounted for 73.75% and secondary resistance for 26.25%. The age group 20 - 39 years (57.50%), male (72.50%), 8th district (17.50%), people living in couples (53.75%), farmers (13.75%) were the socio-demographic characteristics most affected by resistance. Treatment failure (13.75%), relapses (13.75%), the notion of contagion (28.75%), a history of smoking (40%) and alcohol (61.25%) were the clinical antecedents reported by the patients. Treatment failure and relapse were the variables associated with the occurrence of resistant PMT+ (p 0.05). A considerable proportion of the overall Mycobacterium tuberculosis resistance to anti-tuberculosis drugs (10.60%) was identified by GeneXpert. Treatment failure and relapse were the factors associated with the risk of resistance.
文摘Context and objective: The COVID-19 pandemic has become a major public health problem and has mobilized many innovative means of diagnosis. The Central African Republic is not spared. The emergence of variants and their impact require health monitoring despite the obligation of vaccination. The purpose of this campaign was to determine the circulation of pending second-wave variants. Patients and Methods: A second mass screening campaign took place from 02 to 22 July 2021 in the main land and river entry points of Bangui (Exit North-PK12, Exit South-PK9, Port Beach) and at the LNBCSP. Antigenic and RT-PCR tests carried out on nasopharyngeal samples made it possible to select strains which were finally sequenced. Results: Of 2687 participants included in the study, 53 (1.97%) were positive for SARS-CoV-2. Thirteen (1.53%) were male and 40 (2.18%) female. The analyses carried out on the LumiraDx analyzer were positive for 109 samples against 53 on the RT-PCR. The prevalence was higher in the most tested age groups (30 to 50 years) with two clusters identified. B.1.617.2 (Delta) variants were predominant (57%). Conclusion: SARS-CoV-2 continues to circulate. The acquisition of automated antigenic tests (LumiraDx®) with sensitivity and specificity close to those of the reference test (RT-PCR) will allow better mass diagnosis for an optimization of the surveillance of COVID-19 in our countries with limited resources. The predominance of the B.1.617.2 (Delta) variant would suggest a third wave in the Central African Republic.
文摘Traditional ready-to-eat food products are topical in Central African Republic They are sold in most cases on the roadside and present a variety of productions including the porridge made from cereal derivatives (Peanut and Rice), commonly called “potato” These foods are sold under precarious hygienic conditions, which constitute a major public health risk for consumers, especially children under five and vulnerable people. It is in this context that a study was carried out in eight districts of the city of Bangui on porridge made from rice and peanuts in order to assess the levels and risks of contamination of these foods. The results obtained showed that this activity is performed most often by women between the ages of 20 and 29. Of these, 17.85% have never been to school;44.64% have a level of primary school. The results of the microbiological analysis carried out revealed a strong proliferation of germs indicators of faecal contamination, hygiene indicators in different points of sale, the average content of the contamination of aerobic mesophilic flora, fecal coliforms, total coliforms and Staphylococcus aureus are respectively 4.33 × 10<sup>3</sup>, 1.845 × 10<sup>3</sup> and 1.508 × 10<sup>3 </sup>CFU. No presence of <em>Salmonella</em> and <em>Shigella</em> was observed. The various stages of porridge production until sale requires the application of hygiene rules in order to avoid intoxication and toxi-infection of consumers.
