Lithium-ion battery(LIB)is the key technology for climate change mitigation.The sustainability of LIB supply chain has caused widespread concern since the material utilization efficiency of LIB supply chain has not be...Lithium-ion battery(LIB)is the key technology for climate change mitigation.The sustainability of LIB supply chain has caused widespread concern since the material utilization efficiency of LIB supply chain has not been well investigated.This study aims to fill this research gap by conducting a dynamic material flow analysis of lithium in China from 2015 to 2021.Results indicate that within the temporal boundary,lithium flow and in-use stock grew significantly in China due to the rapid development of the EV market,with lithium flow in domestic production of basic chemicals increasing by 614%to 100 kt,end-use consumption increasing by 160%to 35 kt,and in-use stock increasing by 62%to 195 kt.China has been a net importer of lithium,of which cumulative imports and exports were 343 kt and 169 kt,respectively.In addition,103 kt of lithium was converted to inventories or was lost during the processing from 2015 to 2021.By optimizing inventory and processing,developing substitutes for lithium for non-battery applications,and improving lithium recycling,China's net import dependency of lithium could be reduced from 27%-86%to 0%-16%.Our study demonstrates that it is urgent to improve material utilization efficiency so that the lithium resource supply can be secured.展开更多
Fuel cell vehicles, as the most promising clean vehicle technology for the future, represent the major chances for the developing world to avoid high-carbon lock-in in the transportation sector. In this paper, by taki...Fuel cell vehicles, as the most promising clean vehicle technology for the future, represent the major chances for the developing world to avoid high-carbon lock-in in the transportation sector. In this paper, by taking China as an example, the unique advantages for China to deploy fuel cell vehicles are reviewed. Subsequently, this paper analyzes the greenhouse gas （GHG） emissions from 19 fuel cell vehicle utilization pathways by using the life cycle assessment approach. The results show that with the current grid mix in China, hydrogen from water electro- lysis has the highest GHG emissions, at 3.10 kgCO2/km, while by-product hydrogen from the chlor-alkali industry has the lowest level, at 0.08 kgCO2/krn. Regarding hydrogen storage and transportation, a combination of gas-hydrogen road transportation and single compression in the refueling station has the lowest GHG emissions. Regarding vehicle operation, GHG emissions from indirect methanol fuel cell are proved to be lower than those from direct hydrogen fuel cells. It is recommended that although fuel cell vehicles are promising for the developing world in reducing GHG emissions, the vehicle technology and hydrogen production issues should be well addressed to ensure the life-cycle low-carbon performance.展开更多
The parallel corporate average fuel consumption(CAFC)and new energy vehicle(NEV)credit schemes that have been introduced by the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology of China is an innovative attempt to simu...The parallel corporate average fuel consumption(CAFC)and new energy vehicle(NEV)credit schemes that have been introduced by the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology of China is an innovative attempt to simultaneously regulate conventional gasoline vehicles(CGVs)and NEVs in the passenger vehicle sector that is expected to function as a long-term management mechanism for CGVs to be more energy-efficient and NEVs to be well-promoted.This will have a significant impact on trends in China’s automotive industry and automakers’business decisions.Taking the cases of four typical automakers with different levels of average fuel economy in their CGVs and advanced NEV production,scenario analysis has been applied to generate these automakers’alternatives in relation to compliance with the dual-credit regulations in force from 2017 to 2020 based on the Interim Measures on the Joint Management of CAFC and NEV Credits(Draft).These automakers’alternative approaches to compliance are compared.Further,in view of the financial losses as a result of halted production if they fail to comply,the values of CAFC and NEV credits and corresponding influencing factors are analyzed from the automakers’perspective.Finally,the most cost-effective compliance strategies for these automakers are summarized and suggested improvements in the regulations are proposed for the government.展开更多
Software-defined vehicles have been attracting increasing attentions owing to their impacts on the ecosystem of the automo-tive industry in terms of technologies,products,services and enterprise coopetition.Starting f...Software-defined vehicles have been attracting increasing attentions owing to their impacts on the ecosystem of the automo-tive industry in terms of technologies,products,services and enterprise coopetition.Starting from the technology improve-ments of software-defined vehicles,this study systematically combs the impact of software-defined vehicles on the value ecology of automotive products and the automotive industrial pattern.Then,based on the current situation and demand of industrial development,the main challenges hindering the realization of software-defined vehicles are identified,including that traditional research and development models cannot adapt to the iterative demand of new automotive products;the transformation of enterprise capability faces multiple challenges;and many contradictions exist in the industrial division of labor.Finally,suggestions are put forward to address these challenges and provide decision-making recommendations for enterprises on strategy management.展开更多
Energy conservation and emissions reduction have become increasingly significant for automobiles due to the severity of the current energy situation.Hybrid electric vehicle(HEV)technology is one of the most promising ...Energy conservation and emissions reduction have become increasingly significant for automobiles due to the severity of the current energy situation.Hybrid electric vehicle(HEV)technology is one of the most promising solutions.This study investigated the total efficiency of a HEV powertrain.To improve the total efficiency,the engine should be regulated to work at its highest efficiency and drive the wheels directly as much as possible.To accomplish this,we developed an energy management strategy based on the direct drive area(DDA)of the engine’s efficiency map.Several typical HEV models were built to compare the fuel consumption using DDA and rule-based strategies.Furthermore,the function of the HEV transmission system with DDA was considered.The transmission in a HEV should regulate the engine to work at its highest efficiency as much as possible,which is rather different than the regulation in an internal combustion engine vehicle.The functional change may lead to transmission systems with fewer gears but optimal gear ratios.If this trend is realized,the manufacturing cost of HEVs could be largely reduced.展开更多
基金This study is sponsored by the National Key R&D Program of China(2019YFC1908501)National Natural Science Foundation of China(72122010,71774100,72088101,71810107001).
文摘Lithium-ion battery(LIB)is the key technology for climate change mitigation.The sustainability of LIB supply chain has caused widespread concern since the material utilization efficiency of LIB supply chain has not been well investigated.This study aims to fill this research gap by conducting a dynamic material flow analysis of lithium in China from 2015 to 2021.Results indicate that within the temporal boundary,lithium flow and in-use stock grew significantly in China due to the rapid development of the EV market,with lithium flow in domestic production of basic chemicals increasing by 614%to 100 kt,end-use consumption increasing by 160%to 35 kt,and in-use stock increasing by 62%to 195 kt.China has been a net importer of lithium,of which cumulative imports and exports were 343 kt and 169 kt,respectively.In addition,103 kt of lithium was converted to inventories or was lost during the processing from 2015 to 2021.By optimizing inventory and processing,developing substitutes for lithium for non-battery applications,and improving lithium recycling,China's net import dependency of lithium could be reduced from 27%-86%to 0%-16%.Our study demonstrates that it is urgent to improve material utilization efficiency so that the lithium resource supply can be secured.
文摘Fuel cell vehicles, as the most promising clean vehicle technology for the future, represent the major chances for the developing world to avoid high-carbon lock-in in the transportation sector. In this paper, by taking China as an example, the unique advantages for China to deploy fuel cell vehicles are reviewed. Subsequently, this paper analyzes the greenhouse gas （GHG） emissions from 19 fuel cell vehicle utilization pathways by using the life cycle assessment approach. The results show that with the current grid mix in China, hydrogen from water electro- lysis has the highest GHG emissions, at 3.10 kgCO2/km, while by-product hydrogen from the chlor-alkali industry has the lowest level, at 0.08 kgCO2/krn. Regarding hydrogen storage and transportation, a combination of gas-hydrogen road transportation and single compression in the refueling station has the lowest GHG emissions. Regarding vehicle operation, GHG emissions from indirect methanol fuel cell are proved to be lower than those from direct hydrogen fuel cells. It is recommended that although fuel cell vehicles are promising for the developing world in reducing GHG emissions, the vehicle technology and hydrogen production issues should be well addressed to ensure the life-cycle low-carbon performance.
基金This study is sponsored by the Natural Science Foundation of Beijing(9162008)Ministry of Science and Technol-ogy of China(ZLY2015017).
文摘The parallel corporate average fuel consumption(CAFC)and new energy vehicle(NEV)credit schemes that have been introduced by the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology of China is an innovative attempt to simultaneously regulate conventional gasoline vehicles(CGVs)and NEVs in the passenger vehicle sector that is expected to function as a long-term management mechanism for CGVs to be more energy-efficient and NEVs to be well-promoted.This will have a significant impact on trends in China’s automotive industry and automakers’business decisions.Taking the cases of four typical automakers with different levels of average fuel economy in their CGVs and advanced NEV production,scenario analysis has been applied to generate these automakers’alternatives in relation to compliance with the dual-credit regulations in force from 2017 to 2020 based on the Interim Measures on the Joint Management of CAFC and NEV Credits(Draft).These automakers’alternative approaches to compliance are compared.Further,in view of the financial losses as a result of halted production if they fail to comply,the values of CAFC and NEV credits and corresponding influencing factors are analyzed from the automakers’perspective.Finally,the most cost-effective compliance strategies for these automakers are summarized and suggested improvements in the regulations are proposed for the government.
基金This work was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(U1764265).
文摘Software-defined vehicles have been attracting increasing attentions owing to their impacts on the ecosystem of the automo-tive industry in terms of technologies,products,services and enterprise coopetition.Starting from the technology improve-ments of software-defined vehicles,this study systematically combs the impact of software-defined vehicles on the value ecology of automotive products and the automotive industrial pattern.Then,based on the current situation and demand of industrial development,the main challenges hindering the realization of software-defined vehicles are identified,including that traditional research and development models cannot adapt to the iterative demand of new automotive products;the transformation of enterprise capability faces multiple challenges;and many contradictions exist in the industrial division of labor.Finally,suggestions are put forward to address these challenges and provide decision-making recommendations for enterprises on strategy management.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(71403142,71774100,71690241)Young Elite Scientists Sponsorship Program of the Chinese Association for Science andTechnology(YESS20160140)BeijingNatural Science Foundation(9162008).
文摘Energy conservation and emissions reduction have become increasingly significant for automobiles due to the severity of the current energy situation.Hybrid electric vehicle(HEV)technology is one of the most promising solutions.This study investigated the total efficiency of a HEV powertrain.To improve the total efficiency,the engine should be regulated to work at its highest efficiency and drive the wheels directly as much as possible.To accomplish this,we developed an energy management strategy based on the direct drive area(DDA)of the engine’s efficiency map.Several typical HEV models were built to compare the fuel consumption using DDA and rule-based strategies.Furthermore,the function of the HEV transmission system with DDA was considered.The transmission in a HEV should regulate the engine to work at its highest efficiency as much as possible,which is rather different than the regulation in an internal combustion engine vehicle.The functional change may lead to transmission systems with fewer gears but optimal gear ratios.If this trend is realized,the manufacturing cost of HEVs could be largely reduced.
