Greater participation in global value chains(GVCs)has highlighted the impact of exchange rate shocks on international trade.This paper examines how such participation influences firms'responses to exchange rate mo...Greater participation in global value chains(GVCs)has highlighted the impact of exchange rate shocks on international trade.This paper examines how such participation influences firms'responses to exchange rate movements,focusing on the relationship between firms'pricing and value-added in exports.This study,using detailed Chinese firm-level data,demonstrates that firms with a high degree of GVC participation reacted to currency appreciation by lowering their export prices more substantially and reducing their export volumes less.This is mainly attributable to the"cost-hedging effect"within the marginal cost channel and the"pricing inhibition effect"within the markup channel.By categorizing export firms by trade models and product types,this study further demonstrates that processing trade firms at the low end of the value chain and those with low product differentiation were more inclined to absorb exchange rate shocks.This study adds to the existing theoretical framework and provides strong evidence for China in deepening GVC integration and supporting the development of high-quality export firms.展开更多
With the development of current energy economy,it is necessary to improve the product distribution of fluid catalytic cracking process,which is achieved by a riser reactor with double-level of nozzles.The new riser is...With the development of current energy economy,it is necessary to improve the product distribution of fluid catalytic cracking process,which is achieved by a riser reactor with double-level of nozzles.The new riser is constructed by adding a level of secondary nozzle 0.5 m below the main nozzle of traditional riser.This paper investigates the gas-solids flow and oil-catalyst matching feature based on the optical fiber and tracer technologies.According to the distribution of solids holdup,particle velocity and dimen-sionless jet concentration,the feedstock injection zone can be divided into the upstream flow control region,the main flow control region,and the secondary flow control region in the radial direction.The size of the regions is changed by the jet gas velocity and axial height.There is a poor match of secondary nozzle jet to particles below the main nozzle.The jet gas from secondary nozzles can improve the matching effect of oil-catalyst near the wall and reduce the probability of coking above the main nozzle.展开更多
Creating hotspots with significantly enhanced electromagnetic(EF) field, efficiently placing target molecules in hotspot region, and achieving uniform and reproducible Raman signals are three critical issues for devel...Creating hotspots with significantly enhanced electromagnetic(EF) field, efficiently placing target molecules in hotspot region, and achieving uniform and reproducible Raman signals are three critical issues for developing high-performance SERS substrates. In this work, large area gold nanoparticle cluster pillar array with a gold mirror at bottom was facilely fabricated by combined use of nanosphere lithography and self-assembly approach. It is both theoretically and experimentally found that through multiple coupling interactions, the electromagnetic fields at interparticle gaps within the gold clusters were significantly enhanced in our three-dimentional(3D) pillar array substrates, which can result in one order of magnitude stronger as compared with random gold clusters on a two-dimentional planar case.Due to the periodic stucture, our substrates also possess the capbility of producing highly uniform and reproducible SERS signals. Attractively, in our case, a photoresponsive polymer was used for the formation of pillar array structure. Its unique photoinduced deformation makes it possible to reversibly open and close the gaps of the closely packed Au NP array, thus enabling efficient placement or entrapment of probe molecules into hotspot sites between adjacent nanoparticles.展开更多
基金support from the National Social Science Fund of China(No.15ZDC020).
文摘Greater participation in global value chains(GVCs)has highlighted the impact of exchange rate shocks on international trade.This paper examines how such participation influences firms'responses to exchange rate movements,focusing on the relationship between firms'pricing and value-added in exports.This study,using detailed Chinese firm-level data,demonstrates that firms with a high degree of GVC participation reacted to currency appreciation by lowering their export prices more substantially and reducing their export volumes less.This is mainly attributable to the"cost-hedging effect"within the marginal cost channel and the"pricing inhibition effect"within the markup channel.By categorizing export firms by trade models and product types,this study further demonstrates that processing trade firms at the low end of the value chain and those with low product differentiation were more inclined to absorb exchange rate shocks.This study adds to the existing theoretical framework and provides strong evidence for China in deepening GVC integration and supporting the development of high-quality export firms.
基金supports from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.U1862202,21706280)the Foundation for Innovation Research Groups of National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.22021004).
文摘With the development of current energy economy,it is necessary to improve the product distribution of fluid catalytic cracking process,which is achieved by a riser reactor with double-level of nozzles.The new riser is constructed by adding a level of secondary nozzle 0.5 m below the main nozzle of traditional riser.This paper investigates the gas-solids flow and oil-catalyst matching feature based on the optical fiber and tracer technologies.According to the distribution of solids holdup,particle velocity and dimen-sionless jet concentration,the feedstock injection zone can be divided into the upstream flow control region,the main flow control region,and the secondary flow control region in the radial direction.The size of the regions is changed by the jet gas velocity and axial height.There is a poor match of secondary nozzle jet to particles below the main nozzle.The jet gas from secondary nozzles can improve the matching effect of oil-catalyst near the wall and reduce the probability of coking above the main nozzle.
基金the financial support from the Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China (MOST, Nos. 2017YFA0204501, 2013CB834502)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC, Nos. 21473098, 21121004, and 21421064)the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft DFG (No. TRR61)
文摘Creating hotspots with significantly enhanced electromagnetic(EF) field, efficiently placing target molecules in hotspot region, and achieving uniform and reproducible Raman signals are three critical issues for developing high-performance SERS substrates. In this work, large area gold nanoparticle cluster pillar array with a gold mirror at bottom was facilely fabricated by combined use of nanosphere lithography and self-assembly approach. It is both theoretically and experimentally found that through multiple coupling interactions, the electromagnetic fields at interparticle gaps within the gold clusters were significantly enhanced in our three-dimentional(3D) pillar array substrates, which can result in one order of magnitude stronger as compared with random gold clusters on a two-dimentional planar case.Due to the periodic stucture, our substrates also possess the capbility of producing highly uniform and reproducible SERS signals. Attractively, in our case, a photoresponsive polymer was used for the formation of pillar array structure. Its unique photoinduced deformation makes it possible to reversibly open and close the gaps of the closely packed Au NP array, thus enabling efficient placement or entrapment of probe molecules into hotspot sites between adjacent nanoparticles.
