Utilizing the heterosis of indica/japonica hybrid rice(IJHR)is an effective way to further increase rice grain yield.Rational application of nitrogen(N)fertilizer plays a very important role in using the heterosis of ...Utilizing the heterosis of indica/japonica hybrid rice(IJHR)is an effective way to further increase rice grain yield.Rational application of nitrogen(N)fertilizer plays a very important role in using the heterosis of IJHR to achieve its great yield potential.However,the responses of the grain yield and N utilization of IJHR to N application rates and the underlying physiological mechanism remain elusive.The purpose of this study was to clarify these issues.Three rice cultivars currently used in rice production,an IJHR cultivar Yongyou 2640(YY2640),a japonica cultivar Lianjing 7(LJ-7)and an indica cultivar Yangdao 6(YD-6),were grown in the field with six N rates(0,100,200,300,400,and 500 kg ha^(-1))in 2018 and 2019.The results showed that with the increase in N application rates,the grain yield of each test cultivar increased at first and then decreased,and the highest grain yield was at the N rate of 400 kg ha^(-1)for YY2640,with a grain yield of 13.4 t ha^(-1),and at 300 kg ha^(-1)for LJ-7 and YD-6,with grain yields of 9.4–10.6 t ha^(-1).The grain yield and N use efficiency(NUE)of YY2640 were higher than those of LJ-7 or YD-6 at the same N rate,especially at the higher N rates.When compared with LJ-7 or YD-6,YY2640 exhibited better physiological traits,including greater root oxidation activity and leaf photosynthetic rate,higher cytokinin content in the roots and leaves,and more remobilization of assimilates from the stem to the grain during grain filling.The results suggest that IJHR could attain both higher grain yield and higher NUE than inbred rice at either low or high N application rates.Improved shoot and root traits of the IJHR contribute to its higher grain yield and NUE,and a higher content of cytokinins in the IJHR plants plays a vital role in their responses to N application rates and also benefits other physiological processes.展开更多
旨在阐明耐盐性不同水稻的产量对盐胁迫的响应及其生理特性。本研究以5个耐盐水稻品种和两个盐敏感水稻品种为材料,设置了5个不同盐浓度处理(0、1、2、2.5和3 g kg^(-1))。结果表明,相较于盐敏感水稻,耐盐水稻能够耐受更高浓度的盐胁迫(...旨在阐明耐盐性不同水稻的产量对盐胁迫的响应及其生理特性。本研究以5个耐盐水稻品种和两个盐敏感水稻品种为材料,设置了5个不同盐浓度处理(0、1、2、2.5和3 g kg^(-1))。结果表明,相较于盐敏感水稻,耐盐水稻能够耐受更高浓度的盐胁迫(2.5 g kg^(-1)),且产量受盐胁迫减产幅度较小。耐盐水稻品种具有较高的产量,得益于其较高的总颖花量和结实率。与盐敏感品种相比,耐盐水稻品种叶片,在分蘖中期、穗分化期、抽穗期,具有较高的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性,较高的果糖、海藻糖、山梨醇、脯氨酸等有机渗透调节物质含量,较高的K;/Na;值;分蘖至拔节以及抽穗至成熟期具有较高的作物生长速率;抽穗期具有较高的光合速率。上述结果表明,不同耐盐性水稻产量差异,主要来源于分蘖期、穗分化期与抽穗期的耐盐生理差异,这些生育时期是决定水稻穗数、穗粒数、结实率的关键时期。耐盐水稻在这些关键生育时期的良好生理表现是这些水稻品种获得高产的基础。该研究结果对水稻耐盐生理机制研究与水稻耐盐育种有借鉴意义。展开更多
A major challenge in rice(Oryza sativa L.)production is to cope with increasing grain yield and fertilizer use efficiency without compromising grain quality.This study was designed to determine if optimizing integrati...A major challenge in rice(Oryza sativa L.)production is to cope with increasing grain yield and fertilizer use efficiency without compromising grain quality.This study was designed to determine if optimizing integrative cultivation management in rice could improve grain quality while increase yield and nitrogen use efficiency(NUE).An indica-japonica hybrid rice cultivar and a japonica rice cultivar were grown in the field,with five cultivation managements including no N application(0 N),local farmer's practice(LFP),and three optimizi ng in teg rati ve cultivati on managements,reducing N rate and increasi ng plant density(ND),ND+alternate wetting and moderate soil drying irrigation(NDW),and NDW+applying rapeseed cake fertilizer(NDWR).The results showed that the optimizi ng integrative cultivati on man ageme nts could not only in crease grain yield,but also enhance NUE compared to LFP.Compared to LFP,NDWR sign ifica ntly in creased brow n,milled,head milled rice rate,ratio of the kern el le ngth to breadth and breakdown value of starch,whereas decreased amylose content,gel consiste ncy,prolamin con tent,setback value,perce ntage of chalky kern els,and chalki ness.The three optimizing in tegrative cultivation managements increased con tents of total protei ns,albumin and glutelin,activities of the key enzymes involved in the sucrose-starch con version in grains,root oxidati on activity,and malic and succinic acid concentrations in root exudates during the grain-filling period.The results suggested that optimizing integrative cultivation managements could improve grain quality meanwhile increase grain yield and NUE by enhancing physiological activities of rice plants.展开更多
播种量是影响直播水稻产量的关键因素之一,但其对优质食味水稻产量和品质的影响研究相对较少。施用穗肥是水稻高产栽培的重要措施,但穗肥施氮量对优质食味直播水稻产量和品质的调节效应尚不清楚。本研究以3个江苏省代表性优质食味水稻...播种量是影响直播水稻产量的关键因素之一,但其对优质食味水稻产量和品质的影响研究相对较少。施用穗肥是水稻高产栽培的重要措施,但穗肥施氮量对优质食味直播水稻产量和品质的调节效应尚不清楚。本研究以3个江苏省代表性优质食味水稻苏香粳3号、南粳5055和南粳9108为材料,在行距固定为25 cm条件下,分析了60、90、120、150和180 kg hm^(-2)等5个播种量对上述品种产量和品质的影响,并观察了适宜播种量条件下穗肥施氮量对优质食味水稻产量和品质的调节效应。主要结果表明:(1)苏香粳3号、南粳5055和南粳9108的产量均随播种量增加呈先升后降的趋势。3个品种高产最适播种量分别为130.2~136.5、118.3~119.3和90.0~96.4 kg hm^(-2)。稻米加工品质与播种量呈不同程度负相关,而垩白粒率、垩白度、蛋白质含量、米粉消解值与播种量呈显著或极显著正相关。胶稠度、直链淀粉含量、食味值和崩解值与播种量均呈显著或极显著负相关。(2)在高产适宜播种量条件下,与常规穗肥施氮量相比,穗肥施氮量减半对南粳5055和南粳9108的产量无明显影响,但可明显改善稻米的外观品质和食味值。上述结果表明,优质食味直播水稻最适播种量因品种而异。播种量过大会使优质食味水稻的加工品质、外观品质和食味值变劣。适量降低穗肥施氮量有利于进一步改善优质食味直播水稻的外观品质和食味品质。展开更多
施用氮素穗肥是水稻增产的一项重要管理措施,但其用量对不同穗型超级稻品种的增产效应及其机制尚不明确。本研究选用3个穗型(以每穗粒数表示)差异较大的超级稻品种南粳9108(小穗型)、扬两优6号(中穗型)和甬优1540(大穗型)为材料,在基蘖...施用氮素穗肥是水稻增产的一项重要管理措施,但其用量对不同穗型超级稻品种的增产效应及其机制尚不明确。本研究选用3个穗型(以每穗粒数表示)差异较大的超级稻品种南粳9108(小穗型)、扬两优6号(中穗型)和甬优1540(大穗型)为材料,在基蘖肥用量相同(162 kg N hm^(-2))的情况下,研究了0、54、108、162和216 kg km^(-2)五种穗肥施氮量对上述水稻品种产量的影响,并观察了其对颖花分化退化及抽穗后相关形态生理指标的调控效应。结果表明:(1)在0~216 kg hm^(-2)穗肥施氮量范围内,随施氮量增加,水稻每穗粒数均逐渐增加,结实率和粒重逐渐降低,且穗肥施氮量越高结实率和千粒重下降越明显。南粳9108、扬两优6号和甬优1540三个水稻品种在穗肥施氮量分别为162~216、108~162和54~108 kg hm^(-2)时产量最高。依据产量与穗肥施氮量曲线方程计算出上述3个品种高产最适穗肥施氮量分别为177.6~182.0、134.3~136.3和109.9~125.7 kg hm^(-2)。(2)总体而言,穗型大的品种产量高,穗型小的品种穗肥增产效应大。施用穗肥后小穗型品种二次颖花分化数和现存数增加幅度大是其增产效应高于中、大穗型品种的主要原因。(3)3个水稻品种在高产的穗肥施氮量条件下,高效叶面积率、粒叶比(颖花/叶、实粒/叶和粒重/叶)、非结构性碳水化合物(non-structural carbohydrate,NSC)转运量、糖花比、抽穗后0~40 d根系氧化力、颖花根活量和籽粒与根系玉米素(zeatin,Z)和玉米素核苷(zeatin riboside,ZR)含量高。相关分析表明,不同穗型超级稻品种产量与以上指标基本呈显著或极显著正相关关系。上述结果表明,穗肥施氮量应根据穗型大小进行调节。适宜的穗肥施氮量有助于在较高总颖花量的前提下,保持抽穗后较高的高效叶面积率、粒叶比、NSC转运量、糖花比、根系氧化力、颖花根活量和籽粒与根系中Z+ZR含量,这有利于维持较高的结实率和粒重,从而提高水稻产量。展开更多
A major challenge in modern rice production is to achieve the dual goals of high yield and good quality with low environmental costs.This study was designed to determine whether optimized nitrogen(N)fertilization coul...A major challenge in modern rice production is to achieve the dual goals of high yield and good quality with low environmental costs.This study was designed to determine whether optimized nitrogen(N)fertilization could fulfill these multiple goals.In two-year experiments,two high yielding‘super’rice cultivars were grown with different N fertilization management regimes,including zero N input,local farmers’practice(LFP)with heavy N inputs,and optimized N fertilization(ONF).In ONF,by reducing N input,increasing planting density,and optimizing the ratio of urea application at different stages,N use efficiency and the physicochemical and textural properties of milled rice were improved at higher yield levels.Compared with LFP,yield and partial factor productivity of applied N(PFP)under ONF were increased(on average)by 1.70 and 13.06%,respectively.ONF increased starch and amylose content,and significantly decreased protein content.The contents of the short chains of A chain(degree of polymerization(DP)6-12)and B1 chain(DP 13-25)of amylopectin were significantly increased under ONF,which resulted in a decrease in the stability of rice starch crystals.ONF increased viscosity values and improved the thermodynamic properties of starch,which resulted in better eating and cooking quality of the rice.Thus,ONF could substantially compensate the negative effects caused by N fertilizer and achieve the multiple goals of higher grain quality and nitrogen use efficiency(NUE)at high yield levels.These results will be useful for applications of high quality rice production at high yield levels.展开更多
Rice (Oryza sativa L.) quality depends mainly on the characteristics of starch stored in kernels. Understanding the changes in starch characteristics in kernels during variety improvement would have great significance...Rice (Oryza sativa L.) quality depends mainly on the characteristics of starch stored in kernels. Understanding the changes in starch characteristics in kernels during variety improvement would have great significance to improve rice quality. This study was designed to investigate the starch characteristics in the kernels and associated physiological traits of indica rice varieties in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River in China in last 80 years. Eight representative mid-season indica rice varieties were grown in the field. The results showed that the grain yield was significantly increased with the improvement of varieties and such an increase was mainly attributed to the increase in total number of spikelets. The tall varieties applied in the 1940s–1950s had higher protein content, relative crystallinity and infrared (IR) ratio of 1 045/1 022 cm^–1. The semi-dwarf varieties applied in the 1980s–1990s had higher gel consistency, amylopectin content, IR ratio of 1 022/995 cm^–1, and breakdown value. With the improvement of varieties, the amylose content, large-sized starch granule number and volume distribution, onset and peak of gelatinization temperature, gelatinization and retrogradation enthalpy, setback value, pasting temperature, viscosity of peak, hot and final, and 1-aminocycopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) concentrations in panicles and root bleeding were gradually decreased, whereas the medium-sized starch granule number and volume distribution, activities of key enzymes in grains, and zeatin (Z)+zeatin riboside (ZR) contents in panicles and root bleeding at grain filling stage were gradually increased. Correlation analysis showed that starch thermodynamic characteristics were closely related to starch structure and components, key enzymes and hormones. The results suggest that starch quality was enhanced through the optimization of starch components, structure, thermodynamics, and the regulation of key enzymes in grains and hormones in panicles and root bleedings at grain filling stage during the improvement of mid-season indica rice.展开更多
基金grateful for grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32071943)the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions,China(PAPD-2020-01)+1 种基金the Postgraduate Research and Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province,China(XKYCX17_052)the Top Talent Supporting Program of Yangzhou University,China(2015-01).
文摘Utilizing the heterosis of indica/japonica hybrid rice(IJHR)is an effective way to further increase rice grain yield.Rational application of nitrogen(N)fertilizer plays a very important role in using the heterosis of IJHR to achieve its great yield potential.However,the responses of the grain yield and N utilization of IJHR to N application rates and the underlying physiological mechanism remain elusive.The purpose of this study was to clarify these issues.Three rice cultivars currently used in rice production,an IJHR cultivar Yongyou 2640(YY2640),a japonica cultivar Lianjing 7(LJ-7)and an indica cultivar Yangdao 6(YD-6),were grown in the field with six N rates(0,100,200,300,400,and 500 kg ha^(-1))in 2018 and 2019.The results showed that with the increase in N application rates,the grain yield of each test cultivar increased at first and then decreased,and the highest grain yield was at the N rate of 400 kg ha^(-1)for YY2640,with a grain yield of 13.4 t ha^(-1),and at 300 kg ha^(-1)for LJ-7 and YD-6,with grain yields of 9.4–10.6 t ha^(-1).The grain yield and N use efficiency(NUE)of YY2640 were higher than those of LJ-7 or YD-6 at the same N rate,especially at the higher N rates.When compared with LJ-7 or YD-6,YY2640 exhibited better physiological traits,including greater root oxidation activity and leaf photosynthetic rate,higher cytokinin content in the roots and leaves,and more remobilization of assimilates from the stem to the grain during grain filling.The results suggest that IJHR could attain both higher grain yield and higher NUE than inbred rice at either low or high N application rates.Improved shoot and root traits of the IJHR contribute to its higher grain yield and NUE,and a higher content of cytokinins in the IJHR plants plays a vital role in their responses to N application rates and also benefits other physiological processes.
文摘旨在阐明耐盐性不同水稻的产量对盐胁迫的响应及其生理特性。本研究以5个耐盐水稻品种和两个盐敏感水稻品种为材料,设置了5个不同盐浓度处理(0、1、2、2.5和3 g kg^(-1))。结果表明,相较于盐敏感水稻,耐盐水稻能够耐受更高浓度的盐胁迫(2.5 g kg^(-1)),且产量受盐胁迫减产幅度较小。耐盐水稻品种具有较高的产量,得益于其较高的总颖花量和结实率。与盐敏感品种相比,耐盐水稻品种叶片,在分蘖中期、穗分化期、抽穗期,具有较高的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性,较高的果糖、海藻糖、山梨醇、脯氨酸等有机渗透调节物质含量,较高的K;/Na;值;分蘖至拔节以及抽穗至成熟期具有较高的作物生长速率;抽穗期具有较高的光合速率。上述结果表明,不同耐盐性水稻产量差异,主要来源于分蘖期、穗分化期与抽穗期的耐盐生理差异,这些生育时期是决定水稻穗数、穗粒数、结实率的关键时期。耐盐水稻在这些关键生育时期的良好生理表现是这些水稻品种获得高产的基础。该研究结果对水稻耐盐生理机制研究与水稻耐盐育种有借鉴意义。
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (2015CB150404)the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2016YFD0300206-4, 2017YFD0301206, 2018YFD0300801)+4 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31201155, 31871559)the Natural Science Foundation of the Jiangsu Higher Education Department, China (15KJA210005)the Young Elite Scientists Sponsorship Program by China Association for Science and Technology (2016QNRC001)the Six Talent Peaks Project of Jiangsu Province, China (SWYY-151)the Project Funded by the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, China and the Top Talent Support Plan of Yangzhou University, China (2015-01)
文摘A major challenge in rice(Oryza sativa L.)production is to cope with increasing grain yield and fertilizer use efficiency without compromising grain quality.This study was designed to determine if optimizing integrative cultivation management in rice could improve grain quality while increase yield and nitrogen use efficiency(NUE).An indica-japonica hybrid rice cultivar and a japonica rice cultivar were grown in the field,with five cultivation managements including no N application(0 N),local farmer's practice(LFP),and three optimizi ng in teg rati ve cultivati on managements,reducing N rate and increasi ng plant density(ND),ND+alternate wetting and moderate soil drying irrigation(NDW),and NDW+applying rapeseed cake fertilizer(NDWR).The results showed that the optimizi ng integrative cultivati on man ageme nts could not only in crease grain yield,but also enhance NUE compared to LFP.Compared to LFP,NDWR sign ifica ntly in creased brow n,milled,head milled rice rate,ratio of the kern el le ngth to breadth and breakdown value of starch,whereas decreased amylose content,gel consiste ncy,prolamin con tent,setback value,perce ntage of chalky kern els,and chalki ness.The three optimizing in tegrative cultivation managements increased con tents of total protei ns,albumin and glutelin,activities of the key enzymes involved in the sucrose-starch con version in grains,root oxidati on activity,and malic and succinic acid concentrations in root exudates during the grain-filling period.The results suggested that optimizing integrative cultivation managements could improve grain quality meanwhile increase grain yield and NUE by enhancing physiological activities of rice plants.
文摘播种量是影响直播水稻产量的关键因素之一,但其对优质食味水稻产量和品质的影响研究相对较少。施用穗肥是水稻高产栽培的重要措施,但穗肥施氮量对优质食味直播水稻产量和品质的调节效应尚不清楚。本研究以3个江苏省代表性优质食味水稻苏香粳3号、南粳5055和南粳9108为材料,在行距固定为25 cm条件下,分析了60、90、120、150和180 kg hm^(-2)等5个播种量对上述品种产量和品质的影响,并观察了适宜播种量条件下穗肥施氮量对优质食味水稻产量和品质的调节效应。主要结果表明:(1)苏香粳3号、南粳5055和南粳9108的产量均随播种量增加呈先升后降的趋势。3个品种高产最适播种量分别为130.2~136.5、118.3~119.3和90.0~96.4 kg hm^(-2)。稻米加工品质与播种量呈不同程度负相关,而垩白粒率、垩白度、蛋白质含量、米粉消解值与播种量呈显著或极显著正相关。胶稠度、直链淀粉含量、食味值和崩解值与播种量均呈显著或极显著负相关。(2)在高产适宜播种量条件下,与常规穗肥施氮量相比,穗肥施氮量减半对南粳5055和南粳9108的产量无明显影响,但可明显改善稻米的外观品质和食味值。上述结果表明,优质食味直播水稻最适播种量因品种而异。播种量过大会使优质食味水稻的加工品质、外观品质和食味值变劣。适量降低穗肥施氮量有利于进一步改善优质食味直播水稻的外观品质和食味品质。
文摘施用氮素穗肥是水稻增产的一项重要管理措施,但其用量对不同穗型超级稻品种的增产效应及其机制尚不明确。本研究选用3个穗型(以每穗粒数表示)差异较大的超级稻品种南粳9108(小穗型)、扬两优6号(中穗型)和甬优1540(大穗型)为材料,在基蘖肥用量相同(162 kg N hm^(-2))的情况下,研究了0、54、108、162和216 kg km^(-2)五种穗肥施氮量对上述水稻品种产量的影响,并观察了其对颖花分化退化及抽穗后相关形态生理指标的调控效应。结果表明:(1)在0~216 kg hm^(-2)穗肥施氮量范围内,随施氮量增加,水稻每穗粒数均逐渐增加,结实率和粒重逐渐降低,且穗肥施氮量越高结实率和千粒重下降越明显。南粳9108、扬两优6号和甬优1540三个水稻品种在穗肥施氮量分别为162~216、108~162和54~108 kg hm^(-2)时产量最高。依据产量与穗肥施氮量曲线方程计算出上述3个品种高产最适穗肥施氮量分别为177.6~182.0、134.3~136.3和109.9~125.7 kg hm^(-2)。(2)总体而言,穗型大的品种产量高,穗型小的品种穗肥增产效应大。施用穗肥后小穗型品种二次颖花分化数和现存数增加幅度大是其增产效应高于中、大穗型品种的主要原因。(3)3个水稻品种在高产的穗肥施氮量条件下,高效叶面积率、粒叶比(颖花/叶、实粒/叶和粒重/叶)、非结构性碳水化合物(non-structural carbohydrate,NSC)转运量、糖花比、抽穗后0~40 d根系氧化力、颖花根活量和籽粒与根系玉米素(zeatin,Z)和玉米素核苷(zeatin riboside,ZR)含量高。相关分析表明,不同穗型超级稻品种产量与以上指标基本呈显著或极显著正相关关系。上述结果表明,穗肥施氮量应根据穗型大小进行调节。适宜的穗肥施氮量有助于在较高总颖花量的前提下,保持抽穗后较高的高效叶面积率、粒叶比、NSC转运量、糖花比、根系氧化力、颖花根活量和籽粒与根系中Z+ZR含量,这有利于维持较高的结实率和粒重,从而提高水稻产量。
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (32071943 and 31872853)the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, China (PAPD)
文摘A major challenge in modern rice production is to achieve the dual goals of high yield and good quality with low environmental costs.This study was designed to determine whether optimized nitrogen(N)fertilization could fulfill these multiple goals.In two-year experiments,two high yielding‘super’rice cultivars were grown with different N fertilization management regimes,including zero N input,local farmers’practice(LFP)with heavy N inputs,and optimized N fertilization(ONF).In ONF,by reducing N input,increasing planting density,and optimizing the ratio of urea application at different stages,N use efficiency and the physicochemical and textural properties of milled rice were improved at higher yield levels.Compared with LFP,yield and partial factor productivity of applied N(PFP)under ONF were increased(on average)by 1.70 and 13.06%,respectively.ONF increased starch and amylose content,and significantly decreased protein content.The contents of the short chains of A chain(degree of polymerization(DP)6-12)and B1 chain(DP 13-25)of amylopectin were significantly increased under ONF,which resulted in a decrease in the stability of rice starch crystals.ONF increased viscosity values and improved the thermodynamic properties of starch,which resulted in better eating and cooking quality of the rice.Thus,ONF could substantially compensate the negative effects caused by N fertilizer and achieve the multiple goals of higher grain quality and nitrogen use efficiency(NUE)at high yield levels.These results will be useful for applications of high quality rice production at high yield levels.
基金This work was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2016YFD0300206-4,2017YFD0301206 and 2018YFD0300801)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31671614 and 31871559)+3 种基金the Project Funded by the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions,Chinathe Six Talent Peaks Project in Jiangsu Province,China(SWYY-151)the Jiangsu Agriculture Science and Technology Innovation Fund,China(CX(18)3007)the Top Talent Support Plan of Yangzhou University,China(2015-01).
文摘Rice (Oryza sativa L.) quality depends mainly on the characteristics of starch stored in kernels. Understanding the changes in starch characteristics in kernels during variety improvement would have great significance to improve rice quality. This study was designed to investigate the starch characteristics in the kernels and associated physiological traits of indica rice varieties in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River in China in last 80 years. Eight representative mid-season indica rice varieties were grown in the field. The results showed that the grain yield was significantly increased with the improvement of varieties and such an increase was mainly attributed to the increase in total number of spikelets. The tall varieties applied in the 1940s–1950s had higher protein content, relative crystallinity and infrared (IR) ratio of 1 045/1 022 cm^–1. The semi-dwarf varieties applied in the 1980s–1990s had higher gel consistency, amylopectin content, IR ratio of 1 022/995 cm^–1, and breakdown value. With the improvement of varieties, the amylose content, large-sized starch granule number and volume distribution, onset and peak of gelatinization temperature, gelatinization and retrogradation enthalpy, setback value, pasting temperature, viscosity of peak, hot and final, and 1-aminocycopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) concentrations in panicles and root bleeding were gradually decreased, whereas the medium-sized starch granule number and volume distribution, activities of key enzymes in grains, and zeatin (Z)+zeatin riboside (ZR) contents in panicles and root bleeding at grain filling stage were gradually increased. Correlation analysis showed that starch thermodynamic characteristics were closely related to starch structure and components, key enzymes and hormones. The results suggest that starch quality was enhanced through the optimization of starch components, structure, thermodynamics, and the regulation of key enzymes in grains and hormones in panicles and root bleedings at grain filling stage during the improvement of mid-season indica rice.
