准噶尔盆地二叠系芦草沟组是中国最为古老的陆相液态烃页岩层系之一,是近海咸化湖盆混积岩沉积,具有丰富的致密油、页岩油资源,吉木萨尔凹陷是准噶尔盆地东部典型富液态烃凹陷。基于页岩层系实际地质资料分析,发现吉木萨尔凹陷芦草沟组...准噶尔盆地二叠系芦草沟组是中国最为古老的陆相液态烃页岩层系之一,是近海咸化湖盆混积岩沉积,具有丰富的致密油、页岩油资源,吉木萨尔凹陷是准噶尔盆地东部典型富液态烃凹陷。基于页岩层系实际地质资料分析,发现吉木萨尔凹陷芦草沟组页岩层系发育上、下两个含油系统,具有源储一体、薄层叠置、厚度较大、整体含油、连续分布的特征:(1)近海湖泊沉积环境,间歇性海水注入使湖泊生物群体死亡,利于有机质富集保存;细粒混积岩沉积为主,划分为6层2.5个三级沉积旋回;(2)烃源岩主要发育在芦草沟组第2段(P2l2)和第5段(P2l5),岩性主要为碳酸盐质泥岩和硅质泥岩,有机碳含量多大于4%,Ⅱ型干酪根为主,Ro介于0.6%~1.1%,处于生油窗口;(3)储层普遍较致密,岩性主要为碳酸盐岩、碳酸盐质砂岩、硅质砂岩,孔隙度主体介于6%~12%,空气渗透率小于0.1 m D,连通孔喉直径主体介于几十至几百纳米,以粒内孔、粒间溶蚀孔为主,含油饱和度多介于80%~90%,储油条件较好;(4)地层流体压力系统以常压—弱超压为主,原油密度平均为0.8971g/cm^3,50℃平均黏度为165.2m Pa·s,为低—中等热演化程度产物,地层条件下整体流动性较差。吉木萨尔凹陷芦草沟组致密油、页岩油资源丰富,经评价致密油技术可采资源量为0.91×10~8t,其中P_2l_1和P_2l_4是致密油"甜点段",致密油"甜点区"主要分布于凹陷中部;页岩油技术可采资源量为1.10×10~8t,其中P_2l_2和P_2l_5是页岩油"甜点段",页岩油"甜点区"也主要分布于凹陷中部。展开更多
The new century has witnessed a strategic breakthrough in unconventional oil & gas.Hydrocarbon accumulated in micro-/nano-scale pore throat shale systems has become an important domain that could replace current o...The new century has witnessed a strategic breakthrough in unconventional oil & gas.Hydrocarbon accumulated in micro-/nano-scale pore throat shale systems has become an important domain that could replace current oil & gas resources.Unconventional oil & gas plays an increasingly important role in our energy demand.Tight gas,CBM,heavy oil and asphaltic sand have served as a key domain of exploration & development,with tight oil becoming a 'bright spot' domain and shale gas becoming a 'hotspot' domain.China has made great breakthroughs in unconventional oil & gas resources,such as tight gas,shale gas,tight oil and CBM,and great progress in oil shale,gas hydrate,heavy oil and oil sand.China has an estimated(223-263)×10~8t of unconventional oil resources and(890-1260)×l0^(12)m^3 of gas resources.China has made a breakthrough for progress in unconventional oil & gas study.New progress achieved in fine-grained sedimentary studies related to continental open lacustrine basin large-scale shallow-water delta sand bodies,lacustrine basin central sandy clastic flow sediments and marine-continental fine-grained sediments provide a theoretical basis for the formation and distribution of basin central reservoir bodies.Great breakthroughs have been made in unconventional reservoir geology in respect of research methodology & technology,multi-scale data merging and physical simulation of formation conditions.Overall characterization of unconventional reservoirs via multi-method and multi-scale becomes increasingly popular and facilitates the rapid development of unconventional oil & gas geological theory,method and technology.The formation of innovative,continuous hydrocarbon accumulation theory,the establishment of the framework of the unconventional oil & gas geological theory system,and the determination of the implications,geological feature,formation mechanism,distribution rule and core technology of unconventional oil& gas geological study lays a theoretical foundation for extensive unconventional oil & gas exploration and development.Theories and technologies of unconventional oil & gas exploration and development developed rapidly,including some key evaluation techniques such as 'sweet spot zone' integrated evaluation and a six-property evaluation technique that uses hydrocarbon source,lithology,physical property,brittleness,hydrocarbon potential and stress anisotropy,and some key development &engineering technologies including micro-seismic monitoring,horizontal drilling & completion and "factory-like" operation pattern, "man-made reservoir" development,which have facilitated the innovative development of unconventional oil & gas.These breakthroughs define a new understanding in four aspects:①theoretical innovation;② key technologies;③ complete market mechanism and national policy support;and ④ well-developed ground infrastructure,which are significant for prolonging the life cycle of petroleum industry,accelerating the upgrade and development of theories and technologies and altering the global traditional energy structure.展开更多
Continental shale oil has two types, low-medium maturity and medium-high maturity, and they are different in terms of resource environment, potential, production methods and technologies, and industrial evaluation cri...Continental shale oil has two types, low-medium maturity and medium-high maturity, and they are different in terms of resource environment, potential, production methods and technologies, and industrial evaluation criteria. In addition, continental shale oil is different from the shale oil and tight oil in the United States. Scientific definition of connotations of these resource types is of great significance for promoting the exploration of continental shale oil from "outside source" into "inside source" and making it a strategic replacement resource in the future. The connotations of low-medium maturity and medium-high maturity continental shale oils are made clear in this study. The former refers to the liquid hydrocarbons and multiple organic matter buried in the continental organic-rich shale strata with a burial depth deeper than 300 m and a Ro value less than 1.0%. The latter refers to the liquid hydrocarbons present in organic-rich shale intervals with a burial depth that in the "liquid window" range of the Tissot model and a Ro value greater than 1.0%. The geological characteristics, resource potential and economic evaluation criteria of different types of continental shale oil are systematically summarized. According to evaluation, the recoverable resources of in-situ conversion technology for shale oil with low-medium maturity in China is about(700-900)×10^8 t, and the economic recoverable resources under medium oil price condition($ 60-65/bbl) is(150-200)×10^8 t. Shale oil with low-medium maturity guarantees the occurrence of the continental shale oil revolution. Pilot target areas should be optimized and core technical equipment should be developed according to the key parameters such as the cumulative production scale of well groups, the production scale, the preservation conditions, and the economics of exploitation. The geological resources of medium-high maturity shale oil are about 100×10^8 t, and the recoverable resources can to be determined after the daily production and cumulative production of a single well reach the economic threshold. Continental shale oil and tight oil are different in lithological combinations, facies distribution, and productivity evaluation criteria. The two can be independently distinguished and coexist according to different resource types. The determination of China’s continental shale oil types, resources potentials, and tight oil boundary systems can provide a reference for the upcoming shale oil exploration and development practices and help the development of China’s continental shale oil.展开更多
Continental shale oil is a general term for liquid hydrocarbons and many kinds of organic matter in continental organic-rich shale series with vitrinite reflectance of more than 0.5%at buried depth of more than 300 m,...Continental shale oil is a general term for liquid hydrocarbons and many kinds of organic matter in continental organic-rich shale series with vitrinite reflectance of more than 0.5%at buried depth of more than 300 m,and is an important type of source-rock oil and gas.Based on the evolution model of oil generation and expulsion in organic-rich shale series controlled by maturity,continental shale oil is divided into two types:medium-high maturity and medium-low maturity.(1)The continental shale series in China develop high-quality source rocks of freshwater and saltwater lacustrine facies,as well as multiple types of reservoirs,including clastic rocks,carbonate rocks,diamictite,tuff and shale,forming a number of"sweet sections"and"sweet areas"of continuous distribution inside or near source rocks,which have large scale resources.(2)Experimental analysis of organic rich shale samples shows that the shale samples with wavy and horizontal beddings have good storage conditions,and the horizontal permeability of shale is tens to hundreds of times of its vertical permeability,which is conducive to the lateral migration and accumulation of shale oil in the source rocks.(3)After evaluation,the geological resources of medium-high maturity shale oil are about 10 billion tons,which can be effectively developed by horizontal drilling and volumetric fracturing,and will be a practical field of oil exploration in recent years.Shale oil with medium and low maturity has huge resource potential,and technological recoverable resources of(70?90)billion tons,making it a strategic alternative resource of oil industry.However,economic development of this type of shale oil needs in-situ conversion technology breakthroughs.Continental shale oil is an inevitable choice in the process of Chinese continental petroleum exploration from"outside source"to"inside source".Making breakthroughs in the core technologies such as"sweet area"evaluation and optimization,horizontal well volume fracturing and in-situ conversion technology and equipment is the key to realizing scale development of continental shale oil economically.展开更多
The differences in organic matter abundance and rock composition between shale and mudstone determine the discrepancy of their contributions to the formation of conventional and shale oil/gas reservoirs.The evaluation...The differences in organic matter abundance and rock composition between shale and mudstone determine the discrepancy of their contributions to the formation of conventional and shale oil/gas reservoirs.The evaluation criteria of source rocks are different in the future exploration in self-sourced petroleum systems.Shales are deposited in deep/semi-deep lacustrine,with low sedimentation rate and chemical depositions of various degrees,while mudstones are mostly formed in shallow lacustrine/lakeside,with high deposition rate and density flow characteristics.Three factors contribute to the enrichment of organic matter in shales,including the"fertility effect"caused by volcanic ash deposition and hydrothermal injection,excessive and over-speed growth of organisms promoted by radioactive materials,and deep-water anaerobic environment and low sedimentation rate to protect the accumulation of organic matter from dilution.Lamellations in shales are easy to be stripped into storage space,and acid water produced during hydrocarbon generation can dissolve some particles to generate new pores.The massive mudstones with high clay content are of poor matrix porosity.Shales with high total organic carbon,developed laminations,relatively good reservoir property,and high brittle mineral content,are the most favorable lithofacies for shale oil exploration and development.It is necessary to conduct investigation on the differences between shale and mudstone reservoirs,to identify resources distribution in shale and mudstone formations,determine the type and standard of"sweet-spot"evaluation parameters,optimize"sweet-spot areas/sections",and adopt effective development technologies,which is of great significance to objectively evaluate the total amount and economy of shale oil resources,as well as the scale of effective exploitation.展开更多
In-situ conversion processing (ICP) of shale oil underground at the depth ranging from 300 m to 3 000 m is a physical and chemical process caused by using horizontal drilling and electric heating technology, which con...In-situ conversion processing (ICP) of shale oil underground at the depth ranging from 300 m to 3 000 m is a physical and chemical process caused by using horizontal drilling and electric heating technology, which converts heavy oil, bitumen and various organic matter into light oil and gas in a large scale, which can be called"underground refinery". ICP has several advantages as in CO2capture, recoverable resource potential and the quality of hydrocarbon output. Based on the geothermal evolution mechanism of organic materials established by Tissot et al., this study reveals that in the nonmarine organic-rich shale sequence, the amount of liquid hydrocarbon maintaining in the shale is as high as 25%in the liquid hydrocarbon window stage (R o less than 1.0%), and the unconverted organic materials (low mature-immature organic materials) in the shale interval can reach 40%to 100%. The conditions of organic-rich shale suitable for underground in-situ conversion of shale oil should be satisfied in the following aspects, TOC higher than 6%, R o ranging between 0.5%and 1%, concentrated thickness of organic-rich shale greater than 15 meters, burial depth less than 3 000 m, covering area bigger than 50 km2, good sealing condition in both up-and down-contacting sequences and water content smaller than 5%, etc. The shale oil resource in China’s onshore region is huge. It is estimated with this paper that the technical recoverable resource reaches 70-90 billion tons of oil and 60-65 trillion cubic meters of gas. The ICP of shale oil underground is believed to be a fairway to find big oil in the source kitchen in the near future. And it is also believed to be a milestone to keep China long-term stability of oil and gas sufficient supply by putting ICP of shale oil underground into real practice in the future.展开更多
This study proposes the controlling factors of shale play sweet spotting under different maturation stages and various hydrocarbon composition in China and North America,including some typical examples with best pract...This study proposes the controlling factors of shale play sweet spotting under different maturation stages and various hydrocarbon composition in China and North America,including some typical examples with best practices,such as the Silurian Longmaxi shale gas in Sichuan Basin in Southwestern China,the Triassic Yanchang liquid-rich oil in Ordos Basin in展开更多
文摘准噶尔盆地二叠系芦草沟组是中国最为古老的陆相液态烃页岩层系之一,是近海咸化湖盆混积岩沉积,具有丰富的致密油、页岩油资源,吉木萨尔凹陷是准噶尔盆地东部典型富液态烃凹陷。基于页岩层系实际地质资料分析,发现吉木萨尔凹陷芦草沟组页岩层系发育上、下两个含油系统,具有源储一体、薄层叠置、厚度较大、整体含油、连续分布的特征:(1)近海湖泊沉积环境,间歇性海水注入使湖泊生物群体死亡,利于有机质富集保存;细粒混积岩沉积为主,划分为6层2.5个三级沉积旋回;(2)烃源岩主要发育在芦草沟组第2段(P2l2)和第5段(P2l5),岩性主要为碳酸盐质泥岩和硅质泥岩,有机碳含量多大于4%,Ⅱ型干酪根为主,Ro介于0.6%~1.1%,处于生油窗口;(3)储层普遍较致密,岩性主要为碳酸盐岩、碳酸盐质砂岩、硅质砂岩,孔隙度主体介于6%~12%,空气渗透率小于0.1 m D,连通孔喉直径主体介于几十至几百纳米,以粒内孔、粒间溶蚀孔为主,含油饱和度多介于80%~90%,储油条件较好;(4)地层流体压力系统以常压—弱超压为主,原油密度平均为0.8971g/cm^3,50℃平均黏度为165.2m Pa·s,为低—中等热演化程度产物,地层条件下整体流动性较差。吉木萨尔凹陷芦草沟组致密油、页岩油资源丰富,经评价致密油技术可采资源量为0.91×10~8t,其中P_2l_1和P_2l_4是致密油"甜点段",致密油"甜点区"主要分布于凹陷中部;页岩油技术可采资源量为1.10×10~8t,其中P_2l_2和P_2l_5是页岩油"甜点段",页岩油"甜点区"也主要分布于凹陷中部。
基金Funded by the National Key Basic Research and Development Program(973 Program),China(Grant 2014CB239000)China National Science and Technology Major Project(Grant 2011ZX05001)
文摘The new century has witnessed a strategic breakthrough in unconventional oil & gas.Hydrocarbon accumulated in micro-/nano-scale pore throat shale systems has become an important domain that could replace current oil & gas resources.Unconventional oil & gas plays an increasingly important role in our energy demand.Tight gas,CBM,heavy oil and asphaltic sand have served as a key domain of exploration & development,with tight oil becoming a 'bright spot' domain and shale gas becoming a 'hotspot' domain.China has made great breakthroughs in unconventional oil & gas resources,such as tight gas,shale gas,tight oil and CBM,and great progress in oil shale,gas hydrate,heavy oil and oil sand.China has an estimated(223-263)×10~8t of unconventional oil resources and(890-1260)×l0^(12)m^3 of gas resources.China has made a breakthrough for progress in unconventional oil & gas study.New progress achieved in fine-grained sedimentary studies related to continental open lacustrine basin large-scale shallow-water delta sand bodies,lacustrine basin central sandy clastic flow sediments and marine-continental fine-grained sediments provide a theoretical basis for the formation and distribution of basin central reservoir bodies.Great breakthroughs have been made in unconventional reservoir geology in respect of research methodology & technology,multi-scale data merging and physical simulation of formation conditions.Overall characterization of unconventional reservoirs via multi-method and multi-scale becomes increasingly popular and facilitates the rapid development of unconventional oil & gas geological theory,method and technology.The formation of innovative,continuous hydrocarbon accumulation theory,the establishment of the framework of the unconventional oil & gas geological theory system,and the determination of the implications,geological feature,formation mechanism,distribution rule and core technology of unconventional oil& gas geological study lays a theoretical foundation for extensive unconventional oil & gas exploration and development.Theories and technologies of unconventional oil & gas exploration and development developed rapidly,including some key evaluation techniques such as 'sweet spot zone' integrated evaluation and a six-property evaluation technique that uses hydrocarbon source,lithology,physical property,brittleness,hydrocarbon potential and stress anisotropy,and some key development &engineering technologies including micro-seismic monitoring,horizontal drilling & completion and "factory-like" operation pattern, "man-made reservoir" development,which have facilitated the innovative development of unconventional oil & gas.These breakthroughs define a new understanding in four aspects:①theoretical innovation;② key technologies;③ complete market mechanism and national policy support;and ④ well-developed ground infrastructure,which are significant for prolonging the life cycle of petroleum industry,accelerating the upgrade and development of theories and technologies and altering the global traditional energy structure.
基金Funded by National Science and Technology Major Project(2016ZX05046)China National Petroleum Corporation International Cooperation Project(2015D-4810-02).
文摘Continental shale oil has two types, low-medium maturity and medium-high maturity, and they are different in terms of resource environment, potential, production methods and technologies, and industrial evaluation criteria. In addition, continental shale oil is different from the shale oil and tight oil in the United States. Scientific definition of connotations of these resource types is of great significance for promoting the exploration of continental shale oil from "outside source" into "inside source" and making it a strategic replacement resource in the future. The connotations of low-medium maturity and medium-high maturity continental shale oils are made clear in this study. The former refers to the liquid hydrocarbons and multiple organic matter buried in the continental organic-rich shale strata with a burial depth deeper than 300 m and a Ro value less than 1.0%. The latter refers to the liquid hydrocarbons present in organic-rich shale intervals with a burial depth that in the "liquid window" range of the Tissot model and a Ro value greater than 1.0%. The geological characteristics, resource potential and economic evaluation criteria of different types of continental shale oil are systematically summarized. According to evaluation, the recoverable resources of in-situ conversion technology for shale oil with low-medium maturity in China is about(700-900)×10^8 t, and the economic recoverable resources under medium oil price condition($ 60-65/bbl) is(150-200)×10^8 t. Shale oil with low-medium maturity guarantees the occurrence of the continental shale oil revolution. Pilot target areas should be optimized and core technical equipment should be developed according to the key parameters such as the cumulative production scale of well groups, the production scale, the preservation conditions, and the economics of exploitation. The geological resources of medium-high maturity shale oil are about 100×10^8 t, and the recoverable resources can to be determined after the daily production and cumulative production of a single well reach the economic threshold. Continental shale oil and tight oil are different in lithological combinations, facies distribution, and productivity evaluation criteria. The two can be independently distinguished and coexist according to different resource types. The determination of China’s continental shale oil types, resources potentials, and tight oil boundary systems can provide a reference for the upcoming shale oil exploration and development practices and help the development of China’s continental shale oil.
基金Supported by the China National Science and Technology Major Project(2016ZX05046)
文摘Continental shale oil is a general term for liquid hydrocarbons and many kinds of organic matter in continental organic-rich shale series with vitrinite reflectance of more than 0.5%at buried depth of more than 300 m,and is an important type of source-rock oil and gas.Based on the evolution model of oil generation and expulsion in organic-rich shale series controlled by maturity,continental shale oil is divided into two types:medium-high maturity and medium-low maturity.(1)The continental shale series in China develop high-quality source rocks of freshwater and saltwater lacustrine facies,as well as multiple types of reservoirs,including clastic rocks,carbonate rocks,diamictite,tuff and shale,forming a number of"sweet sections"and"sweet areas"of continuous distribution inside or near source rocks,which have large scale resources.(2)Experimental analysis of organic rich shale samples shows that the shale samples with wavy and horizontal beddings have good storage conditions,and the horizontal permeability of shale is tens to hundreds of times of its vertical permeability,which is conducive to the lateral migration and accumulation of shale oil in the source rocks.(3)After evaluation,the geological resources of medium-high maturity shale oil are about 10 billion tons,which can be effectively developed by horizontal drilling and volumetric fracturing,and will be a practical field of oil exploration in recent years.Shale oil with medium and low maturity has huge resource potential,and technological recoverable resources of(70?90)billion tons,making it a strategic alternative resource of oil industry.However,economic development of this type of shale oil needs in-situ conversion technology breakthroughs.Continental shale oil is an inevitable choice in the process of Chinese continental petroleum exploration from"outside source"to"inside source".Making breakthroughs in the core technologies such as"sweet area"evaluation and optimization,horizontal well volume fracturing and in-situ conversion technology and equipment is the key to realizing scale development of continental shale oil economically.
基金Supported by the China National Science and Technology Major Project(2016ZX05046,2017ZX05001)
文摘The differences in organic matter abundance and rock composition between shale and mudstone determine the discrepancy of their contributions to the formation of conventional and shale oil/gas reservoirs.The evaluation criteria of source rocks are different in the future exploration in self-sourced petroleum systems.Shales are deposited in deep/semi-deep lacustrine,with low sedimentation rate and chemical depositions of various degrees,while mudstones are mostly formed in shallow lacustrine/lakeside,with high deposition rate and density flow characteristics.Three factors contribute to the enrichment of organic matter in shales,including the"fertility effect"caused by volcanic ash deposition and hydrothermal injection,excessive and over-speed growth of organisms promoted by radioactive materials,and deep-water anaerobic environment and low sedimentation rate to protect the accumulation of organic matter from dilution.Lamellations in shales are easy to be stripped into storage space,and acid water produced during hydrocarbon generation can dissolve some particles to generate new pores.The massive mudstones with high clay content are of poor matrix porosity.Shales with high total organic carbon,developed laminations,relatively good reservoir property,and high brittle mineral content,are the most favorable lithofacies for shale oil exploration and development.It is necessary to conduct investigation on the differences between shale and mudstone reservoirs,to identify resources distribution in shale and mudstone formations,determine the type and standard of"sweet-spot"evaluation parameters,optimize"sweet-spot areas/sections",and adopt effective development technologies,which is of great significance to objectively evaluate the total amount and economy of shale oil resources,as well as the scale of effective exploitation.
基金Supported by the International Cooperation Project of China National Petroleum Corporation(2015D-4810-02)China National Science and Technology Major Project(2016ZX05046)
文摘In-situ conversion processing (ICP) of shale oil underground at the depth ranging from 300 m to 3 000 m is a physical and chemical process caused by using horizontal drilling and electric heating technology, which converts heavy oil, bitumen and various organic matter into light oil and gas in a large scale, which can be called"underground refinery". ICP has several advantages as in CO2capture, recoverable resource potential and the quality of hydrocarbon output. Based on the geothermal evolution mechanism of organic materials established by Tissot et al., this study reveals that in the nonmarine organic-rich shale sequence, the amount of liquid hydrocarbon maintaining in the shale is as high as 25%in the liquid hydrocarbon window stage (R o less than 1.0%), and the unconverted organic materials (low mature-immature organic materials) in the shale interval can reach 40%to 100%. The conditions of organic-rich shale suitable for underground in-situ conversion of shale oil should be satisfied in the following aspects, TOC higher than 6%, R o ranging between 0.5%and 1%, concentrated thickness of organic-rich shale greater than 15 meters, burial depth less than 3 000 m, covering area bigger than 50 km2, good sealing condition in both up-and down-contacting sequences and water content smaller than 5%, etc. The shale oil resource in China’s onshore region is huge. It is estimated with this paper that the technical recoverable resource reaches 70-90 billion tons of oil and 60-65 trillion cubic meters of gas. The ICP of shale oil underground is believed to be a fairway to find big oil in the source kitchen in the near future. And it is also believed to be a milestone to keep China long-term stability of oil and gas sufficient supply by putting ICP of shale oil underground into real practice in the future.
文摘This study proposes the controlling factors of shale play sweet spotting under different maturation stages and various hydrocarbon composition in China and North America,including some typical examples with best practices,such as the Silurian Longmaxi shale gas in Sichuan Basin in Southwestern China,the Triassic Yanchang liquid-rich oil in Ordos Basin in
