Cholesterol is an important component of plasma membranes and participates in many basic life functions,such as the maintenance of cell membrane stability,the synthesis of steroid hormones,and myelination.Cholesterol ...Cholesterol is an important component of plasma membranes and participates in many basic life functions,such as the maintenance of cell membrane stability,the synthesis of steroid hormones,and myelination.Cholesterol plays a key role in the establishment and maintenance of the central nervous system.The brain contains 20%of the whole body’s cholesterol,80%of which is located within myelin.A huge number of processes(e.g.,the sterol regulatory element-binding protein pathway and liver X receptor pathway)participate in the regulation of cholesterol metabolism in the brain via mechanisms that include cholesterol biosynthesis,intracellular transport,and efflux.Certain brain injuries or diseases involving crosstalk among the processes above can affect normal cholesterol metabolism to induce detrimental consequences.Therefore,we hypothesized that cholesterol-related molecules and pathways can serve as therapeutic targets for central nervous system diseases.Intracerebral hemorrhage is the most severe hemorrhagic stroke subtype,with high mortality and morbidity.Historical cholesterol levels are associated with the risk of intracerebral hemorrhage.Moreover,secondary pathological changes after intracerebral hemorrhage are associated with cholesterol metabolism dysregulation,such as neuroinflammation,demyelination,and multiple types of programmed cell death.Intracellular cholesterol accumulation in the brain has been found after intracerebral hemorrhage.In this paper,we review normal cholesterol metabolism in the central nervous system,the mechanisms known to participate in the disturbance of cholesterol metabolism after intracerebral hemorrhage,and the links between cholesterol metabolism and cell death.We also review several possible and constructive therapeutic targets identified based on cholesterol metabolism to provide cholesterol-based perspectives and a reference for those interested in the treatment of intracerebral hemorrhage.展开更多
The development of Intelligent Railway Transportation Systems necessitates incorporating privacy-preserving mechanisms into AI models to protect sensitive information and enhance system efficiency.Federated learning o...The development of Intelligent Railway Transportation Systems necessitates incorporating privacy-preserving mechanisms into AI models to protect sensitive information and enhance system efficiency.Federated learning offers a promising solution by allowing multiple clients to train models collaboratively without sharing private data.However,despite its privacy benefits,federated learning systems are vulnerable to poisoning attacks,where adversaries alter local model parameters on compromised clients and send malicious updates to the server,potentially compromising the global model’s accuracy.In this study,we introduce PMM(Perturbation coefficient Multiplied by Maximum value),a new poisoning attack method that perturbs model updates layer by layer,demonstrating the threat of poisoning attacks faced by federated learning.Extensive experiments across three distinct datasets have demonstrated PMM’s ability to significantly reduce the global model’s accuracy.Additionally,we propose an effective defense method,namely CLBL(Cluster Layer By Layer).Experiment results on three datasets have confirmed CLBL’s effectiveness.展开更多
Plant phenotypes are infl uenced by genetic and environmental factors.In this study,the growth traits of 43 one-year-old poplar clones grown at diff erent sites in northeast China(Dongling State-owned Forest Protectio...Plant phenotypes are infl uenced by genetic and environmental factors.In this study,the growth traits of 43 one-year-old poplar clones grown at diff erent sites in northeast China(Dongling State-owned Forest Protection Center,DL;Baicheng State-owned forest farm,BC;and Cuohai Forest farm,CH)were evaluated and analyzed across clones and sites.Results show signifi cant diff erences in height and base diameter among sites and clones.Phenotypic and genetic variation coeffi cients ranged from 49.59%(BC)to 58.39%(DL)and from 49.33%(BC)to 58.06%(DL),respectively.Additive main eff ects and multiplicative interaction(AMMI)analysis showed that the eff ects of genotype,environment,and genotype×environment interaction were signifi cantly diff erent.Genetic variation was the main source of variation,accounting for 48.6%.AMMI biplot showed that clone 30 had high and stable yields at the three sites.From an evaluation of multiple traits and GGE biplot that clone 2,clone 30 and clone 25 had higher yield than the other clones at DL,CH and BC,respectively.These clones will provide material for forest regeneration in northeast China.展开更多
With the development and construction of the city,the urban development of the Macao Peninsula has entered an era of stock development against the background of the limited scale of urban land.With the shortage of lan...With the development and construction of the city,the urban development of the Macao Peninsula has entered an era of stock development against the background of the limited scale of urban land.With the shortage of land resources,the problem of unused land on the Macao Peninsula is coming to the fore.This paper mainly studies the problem of idle land in the Macao Peninsula,based on the urban development and particular historical background of the region,investigates and elaborates on its complex formation causes through the literature research method,and analyzes the spatial distribution characteristics of idle land in the current situation of the Macao Peninsula by using GIS technology.Based on the above research,suggestions are put forward to prevent and manage the urban vacant land problem in the future urban management and development of Macao.展开更多
Marine ecosystems are facing escalating environmental fluctuations owing to climate change and human activities,imposing pressures on marine species.To withstand recurring environmental challenges,marine organisms,esp...Marine ecosystems are facing escalating environmental fluctuations owing to climate change and human activities,imposing pressures on marine species.To withstand recurring environmental challenges,marine organisms,especially benthic species lacking behavioral choices to select optimal habitats,have to utilize well-established strategies such as the antioxidant defense system(ADS)to ensure their survival.Therefore,understanding of the mechanisms governing the ADS-based response is essential for gaining insights into adaptive strategies for managing environmental challenges.Here we conducted a com-parative analysis of the physiological and transcriptional responses based on the ADS during two rounds of'hypersalinity-recovery'challenges in two model congeneric invasive ascidians,Ciona robusta and C.savignyi.Our results demonstrated that C.savignyi exhibited higher tolerance and resistance to salinity stresses at the physiological level,while C.robusta demonstrated heightened responses at the transcriptional level.We observed distinct transcriptional responses,particularly in the utilization of two superoxide dismutase(SOD)isoforms.Both Ciona species developed physiological stress memory with elevated total SOD(T-SOD)and glutathione(GSH)responses,while only C.robusta demonstrated transcriptional stress memory.The regulatory distinctions within the Nrf2-Keap1 signalling pathway likely explain the formation disparity of transcriptional stress memory between both Ciona species.These findings support the'context-dependent stress memory hypothesis',emphasizing the emergence of species-specific stress memory at diverse regulatory levels in response to recurrent environmental challenges.Our results enhance our understanding of the mechanisms of environmental challenge manage-ment in marine species,particularly those related to the ADS.展开更多
Based on brain-inspired computing frameworks,neuromorphic systems implement large-scale neural networks in hardware.Although rapid advances have been made in the development of artificial neurons and synapses in recen...Based on brain-inspired computing frameworks,neuromorphic systems implement large-scale neural networks in hardware.Although rapid advances have been made in the development of artificial neurons and synapses in recent years,further research is beyond these individual components and focuses on neuronal circuit motifs with specialized excitatory-inhibitory(E-I)connectivity patterns.In this study,we demonstrate a core processor that can be used to construct commonly used neuronal circuits.The neuron,featuring an ultracompact physical configuration,integrates a volatile threshold switch with a gate-modulated two-dimensional(2D)MoS_(2) field-effect channel to process complex E-I spatiotemporal spiking signals.Consequently,basic neuronal circuits are constructed for biorealistic neuromorphic computing.For practical applications,an algorithm-hardware co-design is implemented in a gatecontrolled spiking neural network with substantial performance improvement in human speech separation.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.82072110Suzhou Municipal Science and Technology Bureau,No.SKJY2021046+1 种基金Shanghai Key Lab of Forensic Medicine&Key Lab of Forensic Science,Ministry of Justice,China(Academy of Forensic Science),No.KF202201a Project Funded by the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions(PAPD)(all to TW).
文摘Cholesterol is an important component of plasma membranes and participates in many basic life functions,such as the maintenance of cell membrane stability,the synthesis of steroid hormones,and myelination.Cholesterol plays a key role in the establishment and maintenance of the central nervous system.The brain contains 20%of the whole body’s cholesterol,80%of which is located within myelin.A huge number of processes(e.g.,the sterol regulatory element-binding protein pathway and liver X receptor pathway)participate in the regulation of cholesterol metabolism in the brain via mechanisms that include cholesterol biosynthesis,intracellular transport,and efflux.Certain brain injuries or diseases involving crosstalk among the processes above can affect normal cholesterol metabolism to induce detrimental consequences.Therefore,we hypothesized that cholesterol-related molecules and pathways can serve as therapeutic targets for central nervous system diseases.Intracerebral hemorrhage is the most severe hemorrhagic stroke subtype,with high mortality and morbidity.Historical cholesterol levels are associated with the risk of intracerebral hemorrhage.Moreover,secondary pathological changes after intracerebral hemorrhage are associated with cholesterol metabolism dysregulation,such as neuroinflammation,demyelination,and multiple types of programmed cell death.Intracellular cholesterol accumulation in the brain has been found after intracerebral hemorrhage.In this paper,we review normal cholesterol metabolism in the central nervous system,the mechanisms known to participate in the disturbance of cholesterol metabolism after intracerebral hemorrhage,and the links between cholesterol metabolism and cell death.We also review several possible and constructive therapeutic targets identified based on cholesterol metabolism to provide cholesterol-based perspectives and a reference for those interested in the treatment of intracerebral hemorrhage.
基金supported by Systematic Major Project of China State Railway Group Corporation Limited(Grant Number:P2023W002).
文摘The development of Intelligent Railway Transportation Systems necessitates incorporating privacy-preserving mechanisms into AI models to protect sensitive information and enhance system efficiency.Federated learning offers a promising solution by allowing multiple clients to train models collaboratively without sharing private data.However,despite its privacy benefits,federated learning systems are vulnerable to poisoning attacks,where adversaries alter local model parameters on compromised clients and send malicious updates to the server,potentially compromising the global model’s accuracy.In this study,we introduce PMM(Perturbation coefficient Multiplied by Maximum value),a new poisoning attack method that perturbs model updates layer by layer,demonstrating the threat of poisoning attacks faced by federated learning.Extensive experiments across three distinct datasets have demonstrated PMM’s ability to significantly reduce the global model’s accuracy.Additionally,we propose an effective defense method,namely CLBL(Cluster Layer By Layer).Experiment results on three datasets have confirmed CLBL’s effectiveness.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2021YFD2201200)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(2572020DR01).
文摘Plant phenotypes are infl uenced by genetic and environmental factors.In this study,the growth traits of 43 one-year-old poplar clones grown at diff erent sites in northeast China(Dongling State-owned Forest Protection Center,DL;Baicheng State-owned forest farm,BC;and Cuohai Forest farm,CH)were evaluated and analyzed across clones and sites.Results show signifi cant diff erences in height and base diameter among sites and clones.Phenotypic and genetic variation coeffi cients ranged from 49.59%(BC)to 58.39%(DL)and from 49.33%(BC)to 58.06%(DL),respectively.Additive main eff ects and multiplicative interaction(AMMI)analysis showed that the eff ects of genotype,environment,and genotype×environment interaction were signifi cantly diff erent.Genetic variation was the main source of variation,accounting for 48.6%.AMMI biplot showed that clone 30 had high and stable yields at the three sites.From an evaluation of multiple traits and GGE biplot that clone 2,clone 30 and clone 25 had higher yield than the other clones at DL,CH and BC,respectively.These clones will provide material for forest regeneration in northeast China.
文摘With the development and construction of the city,the urban development of the Macao Peninsula has entered an era of stock development against the background of the limited scale of urban land.With the shortage of land resources,the problem of unused land on the Macao Peninsula is coming to the fore.This paper mainly studies the problem of idle land in the Macao Peninsula,based on the urban development and particular historical background of the region,investigates and elaborates on its complex formation causes through the literature research method,and analyzes the spatial distribution characteristics of idle land in the current situation of the Macao Peninsula by using GIS technology.Based on the above research,suggestions are put forward to prevent and manage the urban vacant land problem in the future urban management and development of Macao.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.32061143012 to A.Z.,32101352 to X.H.).
文摘Marine ecosystems are facing escalating environmental fluctuations owing to climate change and human activities,imposing pressures on marine species.To withstand recurring environmental challenges,marine organisms,especially benthic species lacking behavioral choices to select optimal habitats,have to utilize well-established strategies such as the antioxidant defense system(ADS)to ensure their survival.Therefore,understanding of the mechanisms governing the ADS-based response is essential for gaining insights into adaptive strategies for managing environmental challenges.Here we conducted a com-parative analysis of the physiological and transcriptional responses based on the ADS during two rounds of'hypersalinity-recovery'challenges in two model congeneric invasive ascidians,Ciona robusta and C.savignyi.Our results demonstrated that C.savignyi exhibited higher tolerance and resistance to salinity stresses at the physiological level,while C.robusta demonstrated heightened responses at the transcriptional level.We observed distinct transcriptional responses,particularly in the utilization of two superoxide dismutase(SOD)isoforms.Both Ciona species developed physiological stress memory with elevated total SOD(T-SOD)and glutathione(GSH)responses,while only C.robusta demonstrated transcriptional stress memory.The regulatory distinctions within the Nrf2-Keap1 signalling pathway likely explain the formation disparity of transcriptional stress memory between both Ciona species.These findings support the'context-dependent stress memory hypothesis',emphasizing the emergence of species-specific stress memory at diverse regulatory levels in response to recurrent environmental challenges.Our results enhance our understanding of the mechanisms of environmental challenge manage-ment in marine species,particularly those related to the ADS.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China,Grant/Award Numbers:92264106,U22A2076,62090034,DT23F0401,DT23F04008,DT23F04009Young Scientists Fund of the National Natural Science Foundation of China,Grant/Award Number:62204219。
文摘Based on brain-inspired computing frameworks,neuromorphic systems implement large-scale neural networks in hardware.Although rapid advances have been made in the development of artificial neurons and synapses in recent years,further research is beyond these individual components and focuses on neuronal circuit motifs with specialized excitatory-inhibitory(E-I)connectivity patterns.In this study,we demonstrate a core processor that can be used to construct commonly used neuronal circuits.The neuron,featuring an ultracompact physical configuration,integrates a volatile threshold switch with a gate-modulated two-dimensional(2D)MoS_(2) field-effect channel to process complex E-I spatiotemporal spiking signals.Consequently,basic neuronal circuits are constructed for biorealistic neuromorphic computing.For practical applications,an algorithm-hardware co-design is implemented in a gatecontrolled spiking neural network with substantial performance improvement in human speech separation.
