Wastewater treatment is a problem with much acuity in the city of Maradi in general, and particularly in the Communal District I of Maradi. It is for this reason that the present study was conducted which deals with w...Wastewater treatment is a problem with much acuity in the city of Maradi in general, and particularly in the Communal District I of Maradi. It is for this reason that the present study was conducted which deals with wastewater sanitation. The main objective of this study conducted through a survey is to investigate in the domestic wastewater sanitation in the Communal District I of Maradi city. Specifically, the study aims to estimate the amount of wastewater produced by households and to analyze the sanitation system at household and at district levels. The wastewater management practices in this district were assessed through a descriptive cross sectional study in which a total of 129 households were selected by sample distribution technique in the district neighborhoods and studied using interviewer and administered questionnaires at communal and household levels. The results of the study showed that the amount of domestic wastewater generated is quite large, about 32.27 m3 per person per day, and this comes from several sources including showers, laundry, dishwashing and income generating activities. The results also revealed that the unhealthy state of the Communal District I of Maradi is related to the absence of a wastewater treatment system, the methods and practices used in its management, and the population is also largely responsible for this unhealthy state and not willing to participate to a sanitation project.展开更多
As in many towns of African countries, the waste management, in particularly solid constitutes a major problem for the municipal authorities of Maradi. The aim of this study is to make a diagnosis of the present syste...As in many towns of African countries, the waste management, in particularly solid constitutes a major problem for the municipal authorities of Maradi. The aim of this study is to make a diagnosis of the present system of waste management in the town of Maradi. To achieve this goal, interviews with municipal authorities, cleaning up and health technicians have been made, as well as investigations among households. According to the health technicians of the town, the causes due to the problem of waste management in Maradi town are: collecting capatown insufficient, lack of effective sensitization of people, undeveloped and uncontrolled rubbish dumps, lack of gutter and its maintenance, and insufficient and unqualified human resources. As to the authorities, they denounce always the attitude and the behavior of citizens on the waste issue. The waste evacuation is done by municipal collecting or by depositing in wild rubbish dump. Some people eliminate their waste by burning or duping in the streets or in their houses. According to our investigations, 52% of population evacuates their waste daily. The satisfaction rate of municipal collecting is for 32%. The analysis showed that the present system of waste management in Maradi town was failing. As to solutions, we proposed to equip the technical offices with appropriated material and financial means, reinforce the involved actor’s capacities and make in application the operatives regulations for the waste management.展开更多
The effect of cadmium, aluminum, and sulphate ions on struvite precipitation kinetics and morphology of solids obtained was investigated in this study. Thus, these ions were introduced as additives in solution where s...The effect of cadmium, aluminum, and sulphate ions on struvite precipitation kinetics and morphology of solids obtained was investigated in this study. Thus, these ions were introduced as additives in solution where struvite precipitation was achieved. The main results obtained showed that the Cd2+ ions cause the probable co-formation, with struvite, of an amorphous phase observed from Cd2+ concentration of 10 mg/L;the addition of aluminum ions in the solution does not affect the nature of the crystalline phase, identified as struvite. However, these ions cause the formation of agglomerates of larger and larger as the concentration rises. Moreover, their increasing improved significantly the yield of phosphates removal;although the sulfate ions have no effect on the nature of the precipitated phase identified as struvite, independently of molar ratio studied, they affect the thermal decomposition of struvite. This latter is done in a single step by increasing the concentration of these ions for the SO42−/PO43−molar ratio of 8.展开更多
文摘Wastewater treatment is a problem with much acuity in the city of Maradi in general, and particularly in the Communal District I of Maradi. It is for this reason that the present study was conducted which deals with wastewater sanitation. The main objective of this study conducted through a survey is to investigate in the domestic wastewater sanitation in the Communal District I of Maradi city. Specifically, the study aims to estimate the amount of wastewater produced by households and to analyze the sanitation system at household and at district levels. The wastewater management practices in this district were assessed through a descriptive cross sectional study in which a total of 129 households were selected by sample distribution technique in the district neighborhoods and studied using interviewer and administered questionnaires at communal and household levels. The results of the study showed that the amount of domestic wastewater generated is quite large, about 32.27 m3 per person per day, and this comes from several sources including showers, laundry, dishwashing and income generating activities. The results also revealed that the unhealthy state of the Communal District I of Maradi is related to the absence of a wastewater treatment system, the methods and practices used in its management, and the population is also largely responsible for this unhealthy state and not willing to participate to a sanitation project.
文摘As in many towns of African countries, the waste management, in particularly solid constitutes a major problem for the municipal authorities of Maradi. The aim of this study is to make a diagnosis of the present system of waste management in the town of Maradi. To achieve this goal, interviews with municipal authorities, cleaning up and health technicians have been made, as well as investigations among households. According to the health technicians of the town, the causes due to the problem of waste management in Maradi town are: collecting capatown insufficient, lack of effective sensitization of people, undeveloped and uncontrolled rubbish dumps, lack of gutter and its maintenance, and insufficient and unqualified human resources. As to the authorities, they denounce always the attitude and the behavior of citizens on the waste issue. The waste evacuation is done by municipal collecting or by depositing in wild rubbish dump. Some people eliminate their waste by burning or duping in the streets or in their houses. According to our investigations, 52% of population evacuates their waste daily. The satisfaction rate of municipal collecting is for 32%. The analysis showed that the present system of waste management in Maradi town was failing. As to solutions, we proposed to equip the technical offices with appropriated material and financial means, reinforce the involved actor’s capacities and make in application the operatives regulations for the waste management.
文摘The effect of cadmium, aluminum, and sulphate ions on struvite precipitation kinetics and morphology of solids obtained was investigated in this study. Thus, these ions were introduced as additives in solution where struvite precipitation was achieved. The main results obtained showed that the Cd2+ ions cause the probable co-formation, with struvite, of an amorphous phase observed from Cd2+ concentration of 10 mg/L;the addition of aluminum ions in the solution does not affect the nature of the crystalline phase, identified as struvite. However, these ions cause the formation of agglomerates of larger and larger as the concentration rises. Moreover, their increasing improved significantly the yield of phosphates removal;although the sulfate ions have no effect on the nature of the precipitated phase identified as struvite, independently of molar ratio studied, they affect the thermal decomposition of struvite. This latter is done in a single step by increasing the concentration of these ions for the SO42−/PO43−molar ratio of 8.
