AIM:To evaluate the effect of epigallocatechin gallate(EGCG) in preventing lens opacity and the aggregation of lens αB-crystallin in model rats of diabetes mellitus(DM).METHODS:This experimental study included Wistar...AIM:To evaluate the effect of epigallocatechin gallate(EGCG) in preventing lens opacity and the aggregation of lens αB-crystallin in model rats of diabetes mellitus(DM).METHODS:This experimental study included Wistar rats for DM as in vivo models and divided into 5 groups.The treatment groups were administered EGCG by orally for 20d and were then assessed for their degree of lens opacity with binocular microscope and lens αB-crystallin expression from Western blot analyze.RESULTS:Pearson correlation test and regression analysis on EGCG exposure and final random blood sugar(RBS) obtained a significance level of P<0.05.EGCG exposure can significantly lower RBS with an R~2 of 0.5634(56.34%).The same analysis on EGCG exposure and the degree of lens opacity obtained a significance level of P<0.05 and increased exposure to EGCG can significantly lower the degree of lens opacity with an R~2 of 0.8577(85.77%).Correlation analysis between EGCG and the expression of lens αB-crystallin can be concluded that the higher the EGCG exposure administered,the higher the native lens αB-crystallin expression and the lower the aggregate lens αB-crystallin expression.There was also significant effect in which every 1 mg/kg body weight dose of EGCG can increase the native lens αB-crystallin expression by 0.0063 and decrease the aggregate lens αB-crystallin expression by 0.0076.CONCLUSION:The administration of EGCG at a dose of 300,600,and 1200 mg shows a significant effect on preventing lens opacity and aggregation of αB-crystallin in diabetic rat models and this research could be a biomolecular prevention of cataract.展开更多
AIM: To investigate the effect of Physalis angulata leaf extract on apoptotic and proliferation of retinoblastoma cells. Despite several previous studies evidencing the anticancer potential of Physalis angulata;howeve...AIM: To investigate the effect of Physalis angulata leaf extract on apoptotic and proliferation of retinoblastoma cells. Despite several previous studies evidencing the anticancer potential of Physalis angulata;however, certain study that proves its benefits in retinoblastoma cancer cells has been limited.METHODS: This study utilizes an in-vitro experimental study by applying Y79 human retinoblastoma cell line culture obtained from the American Type Culture Collection(ATCC;10801 University Boulevard Manassas, VA 20110, USA). The cell was divided into 4 groups. Group I was the control group without the administration of Physalis angulata leaf extract. Whereas, group II, II and IV are engaged with 25, 50, and 100 μg/mL of Physalis angulata leaf extract respectively. After a 24 h incubation, an examination with microtetrazolium(MTT) cell proliferation assay and Annexin V apoptosis detection was conducted. Statistical analysis was performed with the Tukey test.RESULTS: Physalis angulata leaf extract improved apoptosis and significantly reduced the number of living cells in retinoblastoma cells, along with the increase in the given dose. Based on the Tukey test, a significant difference was found in the treatment group at 50 μg/mL(P=0.025) and 100 μg/mL(P=0.001) in the measurement of apoptosis. Proliferation measurements also indicated a significant decrease in the number of living cells in the 50μg/m L treatment group(P=0.004), and in the 100 μg/mL treatment group(P=0.000). Meanwhile, a dose of 25 μg/mL indicated insignificant difference in the two measurements. Improved apoptosis and decreased number of living cells occured at a dose of 100 μg/mL. Decreased number of living cells(in the measurement of proliferation) was due to the inhibited proliferation or improved apoptosis.CONCLUSION: Physalis angulata leaf extract improve apoptosis in retinoblastoma cell culture, requiring further research to inhibit proliferation.展开更多
AIM: To investigate the mechanism of pericyte migration through Angiopoietin-2(Ang-2)/Tie-2 signaling pathway.METHODS: We divided the rats into 5 groups. Each diabetic rat model groups injected with Tie-2 inhibitor, E...AIM: To investigate the mechanism of pericyte migration through Angiopoietin-2(Ang-2)/Tie-2 signaling pathway.METHODS: We divided the rats into 5 groups. Each diabetic rat model groups injected with Tie-2 inhibitor, ERK1/2 inhibitor, Akt/PKB inhibitor, and DMSO intravitreal. Retinal digest preparation was done to examine the retinal vasculature including pericyte: endothelial ratio, and morphology of pericyte migration. Tie-2, ERK1/2 and Akt/PKB phosporylation were analyzed by confocal laser scanning microscopy.RESULTS: There was a correlation between pericyte migration with increasing Ang-2(P<0.05). Pericyte number reduced by 40%(1:2.4) after 5 wk diabetes on diabetic rats. The pericyte: endothelial ratio on group with Tie-2 inhibitor were 1:1.8. The same result shows on group with Akt/PKB inhibition. ERK1/2 inhibitor group shows the best results of pericyte: endothelial ratio(1:1.7). Inhibition on Tie-2 receptor decreased the phosphorylation activity of Tie-2, ERK1/2 and Akt/PKB pathway. ERK1/2 inhibition also decreasing the phosphorylation of Tie-2 and Akt/PKB. But on Akt/PKB inhibition, the phosphorylation of Tie-2 and ERK1/2 were relative the same.CONCLUSION: Ang-2 has a role for pericyte migration on diabetic rats through Tie-2 receptor, ERK1/2 and Akt/PKB pathways. ERK1/2 is a dominant pathway based on theability to supress another pathway activity and decreasing pericyte migration on diabetic rats.展开更多
· AIM: To evaluate effect of hypertension on retinal ganglion cell(RGC) apoptosis, intraocular pressure(IOP),and the activation of endothelin-1(ET-1) signaling pathway in central retinal artery(CRA) in rats.·...· AIM: To evaluate effect of hypertension on retinal ganglion cell(RGC) apoptosis, intraocular pressure(IOP),and the activation of endothelin-1(ET-1) signaling pathway in central retinal artery(CRA) in rats.·METHODS: The experimental study was performed on20 male Sprague Dawley rats that were divided into control group, and hypertension groups. The hypertension was induced by subcutaneous deoxycorticoacetate(DOCA)10 mg/kg twice a week and administered 0.9% Na Cl solution daily for 2, 6, and 10 wk. Blood pressure(BP) was measured using animal BP analyzer. IOP was measured by handheld tonometry. Retinal tissue preparations by paraffin blocks were made after enucleation. The expression of ET-1, e NOS, ET-1 receptor A(ETRA), ET-1receptor B(ETRB), and phosphorylated myosin light chain kinase(MLCK), and caldesmon(Ca D) in CRA and RGC apoptosis were evaluated through immunofluorescent staining method then observed using laser scanning confocal microscopy.· RESULTS: BP significantly increased in all of the hypertension groups compared to control(P =0.001).Peak IOP elevation(7.78±4.14 mm Hg) and RGC apoptosis(576.15±33.28 Au) occurred on 2wk of hypertension. ET-1expression(1238.6±55.1 Au) and e NOS expression(2814.2±70.7 Au) were found highest in 2wk of hypertension,although the ratio of ET-1/e NOS decreased since 2wk.ETRAreached peak expression in 10 wk of hypertension(1219.4 ±6.3 Au), while ETRBsignificantly increased only in 2 weeks group(1069.2 ±9.6 Au). The highest MLCK expression(1190.09±58.32 Au), Ca D(1670.28±18.36 Au)were also found in 2wk of hypertension.·CONCLUSION: Hypertension effects to activation of ET-1 signaling pathway significantly in CRA, elevation of IOP, and RGC apoptosis. The highest value was achieved at 2wk, which is the development phase of hypertension.展开更多
Tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused by the Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Mycobacterium tuberculosis will form the primary focus or Ghon focus in the lungs of infected people. The primary focus can break and get...Tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused by the Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Mycobacterium tuberculosis will form the primary focus or Ghon focus in the lungs of infected people. The primary focus can break and get into the bloodstream and/or lymph to the entire body, including the central nervous system, especially the brain. Tuberculosis infection in the brain can cause microglia secrete inflammatory factors such as TNF-α and IL-1β is emerging as the body’s immune response. The factors that can trigger microglia to secrete iNOS (Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase) in order to protect the brain from attacking bacteria. iNOS is shown to have an important role in tuberculosis infection in the brain. TNF-α is a pro-inflammatory cytokine which is mostly produced by macrophages/microglia through several mechanisms. Therefore, to investigate how the expression of TNF-α and iNOS in the brain tissue of the mice is not infected with tuberculosis, tuberculosis infection with an incubation period of 8 weeks and 16 weeks. This study is a semiquantitative study by comparing the amount of expression of TNF-α and iNOS and all three groups of samples with treatment as has been mentioned. The expressions observation of TNF-α and iNOS in brain cell tissue of mice was conducted using immunohistochemical staining, and was seen in a microscope with a magnification of ×100. Brain cells that express TNF-α and iNOS are brown core, cytoplasm and cell walls. The results were obtained by the longer exposure to infection of the higher expression of TNF-α (r > 0688) and the expression of iNOS decreased (–0.993).展开更多
Objective: To analyze the effects of subchronic cypermethrin on the ovary and endometrium as well as the involvement of apoptosis in the toxicity of cypermethrin. Methods: A total of 32 female Wistar rats were randoml...Objective: To analyze the effects of subchronic cypermethrin on the ovary and endometrium as well as the involvement of apoptosis in the toxicity of cypermethrin. Methods: A total of 32 female Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups, with 8 rats in each group. The control group received no treatment, and the other three groups received oral cypermethrin at 10, 15 or 20 mg/kg body weight for 28 days (sub-chronic). The granulosa cells were calculated histopathologically. The apoptotic index was determined by in situ technique. Histopathological examination was performed on the uterus and ovary. Results: There was no significant difference in the number of primary follicular granulosa cells between the treatment groups and the control group (P>0.05). However, the number of secondary and tertiary follicle granulosa cells in the treatment groups was significantly decreased compared to that of the control group (P all<0.05). The apoptotic index of primary follicular granulosa cells increased significantly in the groups treated with cypermethrin compared with the control group (P<0.05). The secondary, tertiary, and endometrial granulosa cell apoptosis index was significantly higher in all treatment groups compared to the control group (P<0.05). The higher the dose of cypermethrin was, the higher the apoptotic index of secondary, tertiary and endometrial granulosa cells was. There was a significant decrease in endometrial thickness in the three treatment groups compared to the control group (P<0.05). Thinning of the endometrial layer was seen in the cypermethrin exposure groups. Conclusions: Exposure to cypermethrin can suppress the number of secondary and tertiary follicular granulosa cells, and trigger thinning of the endometrium through induction of apoptosis.展开更多
文摘AIM:To evaluate the effect of epigallocatechin gallate(EGCG) in preventing lens opacity and the aggregation of lens αB-crystallin in model rats of diabetes mellitus(DM).METHODS:This experimental study included Wistar rats for DM as in vivo models and divided into 5 groups.The treatment groups were administered EGCG by orally for 20d and were then assessed for their degree of lens opacity with binocular microscope and lens αB-crystallin expression from Western blot analyze.RESULTS:Pearson correlation test and regression analysis on EGCG exposure and final random blood sugar(RBS) obtained a significance level of P<0.05.EGCG exposure can significantly lower RBS with an R~2 of 0.5634(56.34%).The same analysis on EGCG exposure and the degree of lens opacity obtained a significance level of P<0.05 and increased exposure to EGCG can significantly lower the degree of lens opacity with an R~2 of 0.8577(85.77%).Correlation analysis between EGCG and the expression of lens αB-crystallin can be concluded that the higher the EGCG exposure administered,the higher the native lens αB-crystallin expression and the lower the aggregate lens αB-crystallin expression.There was also significant effect in which every 1 mg/kg body weight dose of EGCG can increase the native lens αB-crystallin expression by 0.0063 and decrease the aggregate lens αB-crystallin expression by 0.0076.CONCLUSION:The administration of EGCG at a dose of 300,600,and 1200 mg shows a significant effect on preventing lens opacity and aggregation of αB-crystallin in diabetic rat models and this research could be a biomolecular prevention of cataract.
文摘AIM: To investigate the effect of Physalis angulata leaf extract on apoptotic and proliferation of retinoblastoma cells. Despite several previous studies evidencing the anticancer potential of Physalis angulata;however, certain study that proves its benefits in retinoblastoma cancer cells has been limited.METHODS: This study utilizes an in-vitro experimental study by applying Y79 human retinoblastoma cell line culture obtained from the American Type Culture Collection(ATCC;10801 University Boulevard Manassas, VA 20110, USA). The cell was divided into 4 groups. Group I was the control group without the administration of Physalis angulata leaf extract. Whereas, group II, II and IV are engaged with 25, 50, and 100 μg/mL of Physalis angulata leaf extract respectively. After a 24 h incubation, an examination with microtetrazolium(MTT) cell proliferation assay and Annexin V apoptosis detection was conducted. Statistical analysis was performed with the Tukey test.RESULTS: Physalis angulata leaf extract improved apoptosis and significantly reduced the number of living cells in retinoblastoma cells, along with the increase in the given dose. Based on the Tukey test, a significant difference was found in the treatment group at 50 μg/mL(P=0.025) and 100 μg/mL(P=0.001) in the measurement of apoptosis. Proliferation measurements also indicated a significant decrease in the number of living cells in the 50μg/m L treatment group(P=0.004), and in the 100 μg/mL treatment group(P=0.000). Meanwhile, a dose of 25 μg/mL indicated insignificant difference in the two measurements. Improved apoptosis and decreased number of living cells occured at a dose of 100 μg/mL. Decreased number of living cells(in the measurement of proliferation) was due to the inhibited proliferation or improved apoptosis.CONCLUSION: Physalis angulata leaf extract improve apoptosis in retinoblastoma cell culture, requiring further research to inhibit proliferation.
文摘AIM: To investigate the mechanism of pericyte migration through Angiopoietin-2(Ang-2)/Tie-2 signaling pathway.METHODS: We divided the rats into 5 groups. Each diabetic rat model groups injected with Tie-2 inhibitor, ERK1/2 inhibitor, Akt/PKB inhibitor, and DMSO intravitreal. Retinal digest preparation was done to examine the retinal vasculature including pericyte: endothelial ratio, and morphology of pericyte migration. Tie-2, ERK1/2 and Akt/PKB phosporylation were analyzed by confocal laser scanning microscopy.RESULTS: There was a correlation between pericyte migration with increasing Ang-2(P<0.05). Pericyte number reduced by 40%(1:2.4) after 5 wk diabetes on diabetic rats. The pericyte: endothelial ratio on group with Tie-2 inhibitor were 1:1.8. The same result shows on group with Akt/PKB inhibition. ERK1/2 inhibitor group shows the best results of pericyte: endothelial ratio(1:1.7). Inhibition on Tie-2 receptor decreased the phosphorylation activity of Tie-2, ERK1/2 and Akt/PKB pathway. ERK1/2 inhibition also decreasing the phosphorylation of Tie-2 and Akt/PKB. But on Akt/PKB inhibition, the phosphorylation of Tie-2 and ERK1/2 were relative the same.CONCLUSION: Ang-2 has a role for pericyte migration on diabetic rats through Tie-2 receptor, ERK1/2 and Akt/PKB pathways. ERK1/2 is a dominant pathway based on theability to supress another pathway activity and decreasing pericyte migration on diabetic rats.
基金Foundation:Directorate General of Higher Education(DGHE),National Education Ministry Republic of Indonesia
文摘· AIM: To evaluate effect of hypertension on retinal ganglion cell(RGC) apoptosis, intraocular pressure(IOP),and the activation of endothelin-1(ET-1) signaling pathway in central retinal artery(CRA) in rats.·METHODS: The experimental study was performed on20 male Sprague Dawley rats that were divided into control group, and hypertension groups. The hypertension was induced by subcutaneous deoxycorticoacetate(DOCA)10 mg/kg twice a week and administered 0.9% Na Cl solution daily for 2, 6, and 10 wk. Blood pressure(BP) was measured using animal BP analyzer. IOP was measured by handheld tonometry. Retinal tissue preparations by paraffin blocks were made after enucleation. The expression of ET-1, e NOS, ET-1 receptor A(ETRA), ET-1receptor B(ETRB), and phosphorylated myosin light chain kinase(MLCK), and caldesmon(Ca D) in CRA and RGC apoptosis were evaluated through immunofluorescent staining method then observed using laser scanning confocal microscopy.· RESULTS: BP significantly increased in all of the hypertension groups compared to control(P =0.001).Peak IOP elevation(7.78±4.14 mm Hg) and RGC apoptosis(576.15±33.28 Au) occurred on 2wk of hypertension. ET-1expression(1238.6±55.1 Au) and e NOS expression(2814.2±70.7 Au) were found highest in 2wk of hypertension,although the ratio of ET-1/e NOS decreased since 2wk.ETRAreached peak expression in 10 wk of hypertension(1219.4 ±6.3 Au), while ETRBsignificantly increased only in 2 weeks group(1069.2 ±9.6 Au). The highest MLCK expression(1190.09±58.32 Au), Ca D(1670.28±18.36 Au)were also found in 2wk of hypertension.·CONCLUSION: Hypertension effects to activation of ET-1 signaling pathway significantly in CRA, elevation of IOP, and RGC apoptosis. The highest value was achieved at 2wk, which is the development phase of hypertension.
文摘Tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused by the Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Mycobacterium tuberculosis will form the primary focus or Ghon focus in the lungs of infected people. The primary focus can break and get into the bloodstream and/or lymph to the entire body, including the central nervous system, especially the brain. Tuberculosis infection in the brain can cause microglia secrete inflammatory factors such as TNF-α and IL-1β is emerging as the body’s immune response. The factors that can trigger microglia to secrete iNOS (Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase) in order to protect the brain from attacking bacteria. iNOS is shown to have an important role in tuberculosis infection in the brain. TNF-α is a pro-inflammatory cytokine which is mostly produced by macrophages/microglia through several mechanisms. Therefore, to investigate how the expression of TNF-α and iNOS in the brain tissue of the mice is not infected with tuberculosis, tuberculosis infection with an incubation period of 8 weeks and 16 weeks. This study is a semiquantitative study by comparing the amount of expression of TNF-α and iNOS and all three groups of samples with treatment as has been mentioned. The expressions observation of TNF-α and iNOS in brain cell tissue of mice was conducted using immunohistochemical staining, and was seen in a microscope with a magnification of ×100. Brain cells that express TNF-α and iNOS are brown core, cytoplasm and cell walls. The results were obtained by the longer exposure to infection of the higher expression of TNF-α (r > 0688) and the expression of iNOS decreased (–0.993).
文摘Objective: To analyze the effects of subchronic cypermethrin on the ovary and endometrium as well as the involvement of apoptosis in the toxicity of cypermethrin. Methods: A total of 32 female Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups, with 8 rats in each group. The control group received no treatment, and the other three groups received oral cypermethrin at 10, 15 or 20 mg/kg body weight for 28 days (sub-chronic). The granulosa cells were calculated histopathologically. The apoptotic index was determined by in situ technique. Histopathological examination was performed on the uterus and ovary. Results: There was no significant difference in the number of primary follicular granulosa cells between the treatment groups and the control group (P>0.05). However, the number of secondary and tertiary follicle granulosa cells in the treatment groups was significantly decreased compared to that of the control group (P all<0.05). The apoptotic index of primary follicular granulosa cells increased significantly in the groups treated with cypermethrin compared with the control group (P<0.05). The secondary, tertiary, and endometrial granulosa cell apoptosis index was significantly higher in all treatment groups compared to the control group (P<0.05). The higher the dose of cypermethrin was, the higher the apoptotic index of secondary, tertiary and endometrial granulosa cells was. There was a significant decrease in endometrial thickness in the three treatment groups compared to the control group (P<0.05). Thinning of the endometrial layer was seen in the cypermethrin exposure groups. Conclusions: Exposure to cypermethrin can suppress the number of secondary and tertiary follicular granulosa cells, and trigger thinning of the endometrium through induction of apoptosis.
