This is the first systematic investigation of viral pathogens in <i>Vitis</i> <i>vinifera</i> from Hangzhou vicinity of China. About 7 viruses and 5 viroids were annotated from four production ...This is the first systematic investigation of viral pathogens in <i>Vitis</i> <i>vinifera</i> from Hangzhou vicinity of China. About 7 viruses and 5 viroids were annotated from four production bases “Dushicun”, “Wangjiayuan”, “Xiajiangcun”, and “Yangducun” covering 15 cultivars through sRNAseq technique. At least 3 viruses<a name="OLE_LINK4"></a>—grapevine leaf roll-associated virus 3 (GLRaV-3), grapevine fleck <span>virus (GFkV) and grapevine geminivirus A (GGVA), and 4 viroids—hop stunt</span> viroid (HSVd), citrus viroid II (CVd-II), grapevine yellow speckle viroid 1 (GYSVd-1) and grapevine yellow speckle viroid 2 (GYSVd-2) infected all four bases. “Yangducun” base showed 11, the most infected pathogens. GYSVd-1 showed the highest accumulation in host of Wangjiayuan base. The main in<span>fected pathogens were verified by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction</span> (RT-PCR) technique, the detected rate reached to 85% - 100%. The results provide an important basis for effective and precise detection of viral diseases in the area and for the virus-free cultivation in future.展开更多
Converting carbon dioxide(CO2)into value-added chemicals by CO2 reduction has been considered as a potential way to solve the current energy crisis and environmental problem.Among the methods of CO2 reduction,the elec...Converting carbon dioxide(CO2)into value-added chemicals by CO2 reduction has been considered as a potential way to solve the current energy crisis and environmental problem.Among the methods of CO2 reduction,the electrochemical method has been widely used due to its mild reaction condition and high reaction efficiency.In the electrochemical reduction system,the CO2 electrocatalyst is the most important part.Although many CO2 electrocatalysts have been developed,efficient catalysts with high activity,selectivity and stability are still lacking.Copper sulfide compound,as a low-toxicity and emerging material,has broad prospects in the field of CO2 reduction due to its unique structural and electrochemical properties.Much progress has been achieved with copper sulfide nanocrystalline and the field is rapidly developing.This paper summarizes the preparation,recent progress in development,and factors affecting the electrocatalytic CO2 reduction performance with copper sulfide compound as a catalyst.Prospects for future development are also outlined,with the aim of using copper sulfide compound as a highly active and stable electrocatalyst for CO2 reduction.展开更多
Now,Pt-based materials are still the best catalysts for hydrogen evolution reaction(HER).Nevertheless,the scarcity of Pt makes it impossible for the large-scale applications in industry.Although cobalt is taken as an ...Now,Pt-based materials are still the best catalysts for hydrogen evolution reaction(HER).Nevertheless,the scarcity of Pt makes it impossible for the large-scale applications in industry.Although cobalt is taken as an excellent HER catalyst due to its suitable H*binding,its alkali HER catalytic property need to be improved because of the sluggish water dissociation kinetics.In this work,nitrogen with small atomic radius and metallophilicity is employed to adjust local charges of atomically dispersed Mo^(δ+)sites on Co nanosheets to trigger water dissociation.Theoretical calculations suggest that the energy barrier of water dissociation can be effectively reduced by introducing nitrogen coordinated Mo^(δ+)sites.To realize this speculation,atomically dispersed Mo^(δ+)sites with nitrogen coordination of Mo(N)/Co were prepared via reconstruction of CoMoO_(4).High angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy(HAADF-STEM)and X-ray absorption spectroscopy(XAS)demonstrate the coordination of N atoms with atomically dispersed Mo atoms,leading to the local charges of atomically dispersed Mo^(δ+)sites in Mo(N)/Co.The measurement from ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(AP-XPS)reveals that the Mo^(δ+)sites promote the adsorption and activation of water molecule.Therefore,the Mo(N)/Co exhibits an excellent activity,which need only an overpotential of 39 mV to reach the current density of 10 mA cm^(-2).The proposed strategy provides an advance pathway to design and boost alkaline HER activity at the atomic-level.展开更多
[Objective]The paper was to study the most suitable density of chemical pheromone to control Spodoptera litura in tobacco fields. [Method]Sixteen traps ( 4 lines × 4 rows) were placed according to the specificati...[Objective]The paper was to study the most suitable density of chemical pheromone to control Spodoptera litura in tobacco fields. [Method]Sixteen traps ( 4 lines × 4 rows) were placed according to the specifications of 25. 8 m × 25. 8 m ( 15. 0 trap/hm2 ) ,31. 6 m ×31.6 m ( 10.0 trap/hm2 ) and 36.5 m × 36. 5m ( 7. 5 trap / hm2 ) . Meanwhile,a control area larger than 2 hm2 was set up with three repetitions. [Result]Without consideration of impact of wind direction,the amount of trapping moth increased with the increasing controlled area of single trap,but difference of trapping amount of moth was not significant under three different density treatments. Three placement densities could effectively control S. liture in tobacco fields,thereby reduce the use of pesticides and protect the natural enemies and reduce the control cost. [Conclusion] The suitable density of chemical pheromone traps to control S. litura was 31. 6 m × 31. 6 m ( 10. 0 trap / hm2 ) .展开更多
碱性析氢反应(HER)可将间歇性可再生能源转化为可存储的清洁能源,因而备受关注.然而,水解离速度缓慢以及H中间体(*H)吸附和解吸困难限制了碱性HER的进一步发展.目前,针对碱性电解水解离缓慢问题,通常采用调整电催化剂结构降低水分解热...碱性析氢反应(HER)可将间歇性可再生能源转化为可存储的清洁能源,因而备受关注.然而,水解离速度缓慢以及H中间体(*H)吸附和解吸困难限制了碱性HER的进一步发展.目前,针对碱性电解水解离缓慢问题,通常采用调整电催化剂结构降低水分解热动力学能垒,以及改变三相界面微环境加速中间产物的扩散等方法来促进水分解进行.此外,可以通过调控活性位点电子结构来优化*H的吸脱附.但是采用单一的策略很难同时促进H_(2)O的解离和*H的吸脱附,难以获得令人满意的碱性HER性能.因此,探索一种能同时促进H_(2)O的解离和*H的吸脱附协同策略对提升碱性HER的性能至关重要.本文提出了一种协同策略,通过构建高曲率二硫化钴纳米针(CoS_(2)NNs)和原子级铜(Cu)的掺杂分别实现诱导纳米尺度的局域电场和原子尺度的电子局域化,从而促进碱性HER的H_(2)O解离和*H吸脱附.首先,采用有限元法模拟和密度泛函理论计算,从理论上分别证实了纳米尺度局域电场可以加速H_(2)O解离以及原子尺度电子局域化可以促进*H吸附.受理论计算结果启发,通过一步水热法和原位硫化相结合的方法制备了高曲率的Cu掺杂CoS_(2)纳米针(Cu-CoS_(2)NNs).采用扫描电镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)和四探针测试等技术进行表征,研究了Cu-CoS_(2)NNs的形貌、物相结构、化学组成和导电性.结果表明,在Cu原子引入后,Cu-CoS_(2)NNs依然保持着高曲率的纳米针结构,证明了Cu在CoS_(2)NNs中的原子分散状态.相较于低曲率的Cu掺杂CoS_(2)纳米线(Cu-CoS_(2)NWs),Cu-CoS_(2)NNs只存在形貌上的区别,二者的化学组成和比例均非常接近.同时,上述材料都具有很强的导电性,且电导率基本相同,这与有限元模拟结果一致.原位衰减全反射红外光谱和电响应测试结果表明,Cu-CoS_(2)NNs具有较好的解离H_(2)O和吸附*H的能力.在1 mol L^(-1)KOH溶液和10 mA cm^(-2)电流密度下,该催化剂的析氢过电位仅为64 mV,展现出较好的电化学析氢性能.催化剂还表现出非常好的碱性析氢稳定性,在标准氢电势(RHE)-0.18 V下,可在100 mA cm^(-2)电流密度下稳定工作达100 h.综上所述,本文通过诱导局域电场和电子局域化构建了一种协同策略,所制备的Cu-CoS_(2)NNs表现出很好的催化碱性HER性能和应用前景,为碱性HER电催化剂的理性设计提供了一定的参考.展开更多
The internal mechanism of the high hydrophobicity of the coal samples from the Pingdingshan mining area was studied through industrial,element,and surface functional group analysis.Laboratory testing and molecular dyn...The internal mechanism of the high hydrophobicity of the coal samples from the Pingdingshan mining area was studied through industrial,element,and surface functional group analysis.Laboratory testing and molecular dynamics simulations were employed to study the impact of three types of surfactants on the surface adsorption properties and wettability of highly hydrophobic bituminous coal.The results show that the surface of highly hydrophobic bituminous coal is compact,rich in inorganic minerals,and poorly wettable and that coal molecules are dominated by hydrophobic functional groups of aromatic rings and aliphatic structures.The wetting performance of surfactants as the intermediate carrier to connect coal and water molecules is largely determined by the interaction force between surfactants and coal(Fs-c)and the interaction force between surfactants and water(Fs-w),which effectively improve the wettability of modified coal dust via modifying its surface electrical properties and surface energy.A new type of wetting agent with a dust removal rate of 89%has been developed through discovery of a compound wetting agent solution with optimal wetting and settling performance.This paper provides theoretical and technical support for removing highly hydrophobic bituminous coal dust in underground mining.展开更多
The consumption of cut roses(Rosa hybrida)has always ranked first in the world.However,it is vulnerable to rapid petal and leaf wilting due to leaf stomatal water loss,which seriously affects its ornamental quality an...The consumption of cut roses(Rosa hybrida)has always ranked first in the world.However,it is vulnerable to rapid petal and leaf wilting due to leaf stomatal water loss,which seriously affects its ornamental quality and economic value.Stomatal movement,a key in plant physiological processes,is influenced by potassium and nitrate.Advancing comprehension of its physiological and molecular mechanism holds promise for preserving the freshness of cut roses.This study observed the impacts of different concentrations of KNO_(3) vase treatments on stomatal opening and water loss in cut rose‘Carola’leaves,as well as their transcriptional responses to KNO_(3).Water loss rates were influenced by KNO_(3) concentrations,with the 25 and 75 mmol/L treatments exhibiting the highest water loss rates.The stomatal aperture reached its widest value when treated with 75 mmol/L KNO_(3).Transcriptional sequencing analysis was performed to identify differentially expressed genes(DEGs)of which 5456 were up-regulated,and 6607 were down-regulated associated with photosynthesis,starch and sucrose metabolism,metabolic pathways,plant-pathogen interaction,plant hormone signal transduction,and related pathways.246 DEGs were selected related to response to KNO_(3) treatment,of which gene ontology(GO)enrichment were nitrate and terpenoid metabolism,ion transport,and response to stimuli.Further heatmap analysis revealed that several genes related to nitrate transport a metabolism,K+transport,vacuoles,and aquaporin were in close association with the response to KNO_(3) treatment.Weighted gene co-expression network analysis(WGCNA)revealed that hub genes,including LAX2,TSJT1,and SCPL34 were identified in turquoise,black,and darkgreen module.Transcription factors such as NAC021,CDF3,ERF053,ETR2,and ARF6 exhibited regulatory roles in the response to KNO_(3) treatment under light conditions.These findings provide valuable insights into the physiological and molecular mechanisms underlying the response of cut rose leaves to KNO_(3) treatment.展开更多
Purpose–High-speed maglev technology can address the issues of adhesion,friction,vibration and highspeed current collection in traditional wheel-rail systems,making it an important direction for the future developmen...Purpose–High-speed maglev technology can address the issues of adhesion,friction,vibration and highspeed current collection in traditional wheel-rail systems,making it an important direction for the future development of high-speed rail technology.Design/methodology/approach–This paper elaborates on the demand and significance of developing high-speed maglev technology worldwide and examines the current status and technological maturity of several major high-speed maglev systems globally.Findings–This paper summarizes the challenges in the development of high-speed maglev railways in China.Based on this analysis,it puts forward considerations for future research on high-speed maglev railways.Originality/value–This paper describes the development status and technical maturity of several major high-speed maglev systems in the world for the first time,summarizes the existing problems in the development of China’s high-speed maglev railway and on this basis,puts forward the thinking of the next research of China’s high-speed maglev railway.展开更多
Direct electrochemical reduction of CO2 to multicarbon products is highly desirable, yet challenging. Here, we present a potentiostatic pulse-electrodeposition of high-aspect-ratio CuxAuy nanowire arrays (NWAs) as hig...Direct electrochemical reduction of CO2 to multicarbon products is highly desirable, yet challenging. Here, we present a potentiostatic pulse-electrodeposition of high-aspect-ratio CuxAuy nanowire arrays (NWAs) as high-performance electrocatalysts for the CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR). The surface electronic structure related to the Cu:Au ratio in the CuxAuy NWAs could be facilely modulated by controlling the electrodeposition potential and the as-fabricated CuxAuy NWAs could be directly used as the catalytic electrode for the CO2RR. The morphology of the high-aspect-ratio nanowire array significantly lowers the onset potential of the alcohol formation due to the diffusion-induced enhancement of the local pH and CO concentration near the nanowire surface. Besides, the properly adjusted surface electronic structure of the CuxAuy NWA enables the adsorption of CO and facilitates the subsequent CO reduction to ethanol via the C-C coupling pathway. Owing to the synergistic effect of morphology and electronic structure, the optimized CuxAuy NWA selectively reduces CO2 to ethanol at low potentials of -0.5——0.7 V vs. RHE with a highest Faradaic efficiency of 48%. This work demonstrates the feasibility to optimize the activity and selectivity of the Cu-based electrocatalysts toward multicarbon alcohols for the CO2RR via simultaneous adjustment of the electronic structure and morphology of the catalysts.展开更多
Copper (Cu) is a special electrocatalyst for CO_(2) reduction reaction (CO_(2)RR) to multi-carbon products.Experimentally introducing grain boundaries (GBs) into Cu-based catalysts is an efficient strategy to improve ...Copper (Cu) is a special electrocatalyst for CO_(2) reduction reaction (CO_(2)RR) to multi-carbon products.Experimentally introducing grain boundaries (GBs) into Cu-based catalysts is an efficient strategy to improve the selectivity of C^(2+) products.However,it is still elusive for the C^(2+) product generation on Cu GBs due to the complex active sites.In this work,we found that the tandem catalysis pathway on adjacent active motifs of Cu GB is responsible for the enhanced activity for C^(2+)production by first principles calculations.By electronic structure analysis shows,the d-band center of GB site is close to the Fermi level than Cu(100) facet,the Cu atomic sites at grain boundary have shorter bond length and stronger bonding with*CO,which can enhance the adsorption of*CO at GB sites.Moreover,CO_(2)protonation is more favorable on the region Ⅲ motif (0.84 e V) than at Cu(100) site (1.35 e V).Meanwhile,the region Ⅱ motif also facilitate the C–C coupling (0.72 e V) compared to the Cu(100) motif (1.09 e V).Therefore,the region Ⅲ and Ⅱ motifs form a tandem catalysis pathway,which promotes the C^(2+)selectivity on Cu GBs.This work provides new insights into CO_(2)RR process.展开更多
The stator flux and electromagnetic torque observation is the basis of direct torque controlled permanent magnet synchronous motor( PMSM) drive system. However,the traditional stator flux observer based on voltage mod...The stator flux and electromagnetic torque observation is the basis of direct torque controlled permanent magnet synchronous motor( PMSM) drive system. However,the traditional stator flux observer based on voltage model is affected by integral initial values and integral drift,that based on current model is affected by the parameters of PMSM,so a new stator flux observation method is proposed based on an improved secondorder generalized integrator( SOGI). Compared to the stator flux observation method based on the conventional SOGI,the proposed method can not only overcome the influence of integral initial values and integral drift,but also completely eliminate the DC offset's influence. Therefore,the observation accuracy of stator flux is further improved. The simulation and experimental results both show that the proposed method has a higher stator flux and electromagnetic torque observation precision.展开更多
Formate is an important liquid chemical,which can be produced by electrocatalytic carbon dioxide reduction reaction(CO_(2) RR).Most of the metal catalysts for CO_(2) RR to formate are toxic or noble metals,such as Cd,...Formate is an important liquid chemical,which can be produced by electrocatalytic carbon dioxide reduction reaction(CO_(2) RR).Most of the metal catalysts for CO_(2) RR to formate are toxic or noble metals,such as Cd,Hg,Pb and Pd,leading to the environmental pollution or increased production costs.Herein,we develop an environmentally friendly and low-cost NiZn alloy catalyst for CO_(2) RR to formate.The X-ray diffraction(XRD),X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS) and transmission electron microscopy(TEM) confirm the alloy structure of the prepared NiZn catalyst. As for a catalyst for CO_(2) RR,the NiZn alloy exhibits the FE_(HCOO)^(-)(Faraday efficiency of HCOO^(-)) of 36±0.7% at-0.9 V vs.RHE in 0.1 M KHCO_(3), and remarkable stability for 40,000 s at-0.8,-0.9,-1.0 and-1.1 V vs.RHE,respectively.Theoretical calculation results indicate that the NiZn alloy exhibits the middle valence electron structure between the Zn and Ni metal,resulting in the favorable pathway for HCOOH formation but unfavorable for the hydrogen evolution reaction and CO production.The Ultraviolet Photoelectron Spectroscopy results verify the modulated valence electron structure for NiZn alloy as compared to Ni and Zn,consistent with the theoretical calculation results.This work provides new insights into design of alloy catalysts for CO_(2) RR to formate.展开更多
Background:B-cell CLL/lymphoma 6(BCL6)is a transcriptional master regulator that represses more than 1200 potential target genes.Our previous study showed that a decline in blood production in runting and stunting syn...Background:B-cell CLL/lymphoma 6(BCL6)is a transcriptional master regulator that represses more than 1200 potential target genes.Our previous study showed that a decline in blood production in runting and stunting syndrome(RSS)affected sex-linked dwarf(SLD)chickens compared to SLD chickens.However,the association between BCL6 gene and hematopoietic function remains unknown in chickens.Methods:In this study,we used RSS affected SLD(RSS-SLD)chickens,SLD chickens and normal chickens as research object and overexpression of BCL6 in hematopoietic stem cells(HSCs),to investigate the effect of the BCL6 on differentiation and development of HSCs.Results:The results showed that comparison of RSS-SLD chickens with SLD chickens,the BCL6 was highly expressed in RSS-SLD chickens bone marrow.The bone marrow of RSS-SLD chickens was exhausted and red bone marrow was largely replaced by yellow bone marrow,bone density was reduced,and the levels of immature erythrocytes in peripheral blood were increased.At the same time,the hematopoietic function of HSCs decreased in RSS-SLD chickens,which was manifested by a decrease in the hematopoietic growth factors(HGFs)EPO,SCF,TPO,and IL-3,as well as hemoglobinα1 and hemoglobinβexpression.Moreover,mitochondrial function in the HSCs of RSS-SLD chickens was damaged,including an increase in ROS production,decrease in ATP concentration,and decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential(ΔΨm).The same results were also observed in SLD chickens compared with normal chickens;however,the symptoms were more serious in RSS-SLD chickens.Additionally,after overexpression of the BCL6 in primary HSCs,the secretion of HGFs(EPO,SCF,TPO and IL-3)was inhibited and the expression of hemoglobinα1 and hemoglobinβwas decreased.However,cell proliferation was accelerated,apoptosis was inhibited,and the HSCs entered a cancerous state.The function of mitochondria was also abnormal,ROS production was decreased,and ATP concentration andΔΨm were increased,which was related to the inhibition of apoptosis of stem cells.Conclusions:Taken together,we conclude that the high expression of BCL6 inhibits the differentiation and development of HSCs by affecting mitochondrial function,resulting in impaired growth and development of chickens.Moreover,the abnormal expression of BCL6 might be a cause of the clinical manifestations of chicken comb,pale skin,stunted growth and development,and the tendency to appear RSS in SLD chickens.展开更多
Odontoglossum ringspot virus (ORSV) infects perennial orchids (Phalaenopsis amabilis) and causes a widespread viral disease. RNA-silencing of viral genes is a promising and effective way of controlling viral infection...Odontoglossum ringspot virus (ORSV) infects perennial orchids (Phalaenopsis amabilis) and causes a widespread viral disease. RNA-silencing of viral genes is a promising and effective way of controlling viral infection in plants. An inverted repeat (IR) fragment of the ORSV coat protein gene, cp, was inserted into the pXGY1 vector to generate the silencing construct, pXGY1-ORSV, which was introduced into Nicotiana benthamiana via Agrobacterium-mediated infiltration. A total of 15 homozygous pXGY1-ORSV transgenic N. benthamiana T1 plants were obtained from five transgenic lines, and ORSV cp gene multiplication was reduced by at least 75% - 95% in 12 T2 plants, demonstrating their increased resistance to ORSV. An infectious ORSV clone, pCAMBIA2300-ORSV, was generated to facilitate rigorous analyses of plant viral resistance. Semi-quantitative RT-PCR (sqRT-PCR) and northern-blot analyses revealed that levels of ORSV multiplication and ORSV coat protein were significantly reduced in pXGY1-ORSV transgenic N. benthamiana. Western-blot from pXGY1-ORSV inoculated leaves of ORSV infected P. amabilis also revealed the significant decrease and even degradation of ORSV-CP protein. Disease symptoms were not observed in transgenic plants. These results indicate a high level of ORSV-resistance in pXGY1-ORSV transgenic N. benthamiana.展开更多
With the global warming,the cultivation and storage of northern Chinese cabbage has been infected by Sclerotium bacteria,resulting in the whole plant rot.In this study,in order to develop a bio-inhibitory agent with a...With the global warming,the cultivation and storage of northern Chinese cabbage has been infected by Sclerotium bacteria,resulting in the whole plant rot.In this study,in order to develop a bio-inhibitory agent with antibacterial effect and no toxicity and no residue,three strains with high inhibition rate against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum were screened from 69 samples of Doenjang collected in different regions.By observing culture characteristics and physiological and biochemical tests,three strains were identified through 16S rDNA sequence and phylogenetic tree.The results showed that SP-6 was Bacillus amyloliquefaciens,SP-13 was Bacillus methylotrophicus,and SP-14 was Bacillus subtilis.Meanwhile,the inhibition rate of the aseptic fermentation filtrate of three strains against S.sclerotiorum was determined and the fermentation conditions of SP-14 strain was optimized.Results showed that all of three fermentation filtrates inhibited S.sclerotiorum.Data showed that the best conditions for fermentation for the antibacterial substances of SP-14 strain is as following:1%maltose,1%ammonium oxalate or beef extract,1%ferrous sulfate,fermentation at 32℃for 36 h,initial pH 8–9 and the inoculation amount 5%.The living bacteriostatic test showed that SP-14 strain had good inhibitory effect on S.sclerotiorum and the inhibitory effect was more significant when the bacteria concentration was 1.2×10^(11)CFU/mL.展开更多
Composite structures are sensitive to impact damage in practical engineering.Electric resistance change method(ERCM)is an ideal technique for damage monitoring of composite structures.Due to the anisotropy of fiber-re...Composite structures are sensitive to impact damage in practical engineering.Electric resistance change method(ERCM)is an ideal technique for damage monitoring of composite structures.Due to the anisotropy of fiber-resin matrix composites,impact location monitoring is difficult,and research on impact location of fiber composite laminates(FRPs)is limited.A preparation method of MXene/CNT/CuNps thin film sensor is proposed.According to the modeling simulation and theoretical calculation,the resistance change characteristics of the thin film sensor are obtained,the relationship between the impact distance and the resistance change is established,and the sensor array is designed.A three-point localization algorithm and a weight function compensation localization algorithm are proposed,which can improve the imaging accuracy of the impact position.The impact point location was observed and analyzed using ultrasonic C-scan technology.The results show that the weight function compensation positioning algorithm can accurately locate the impact of the composite structure,and the error in the X direction is 7.1%,the error in the Y direction is 0.03%,which verifies the effectiveness of the method.展开更多
文摘This is the first systematic investigation of viral pathogens in <i>Vitis</i> <i>vinifera</i> from Hangzhou vicinity of China. About 7 viruses and 5 viroids were annotated from four production bases “Dushicun”, “Wangjiayuan”, “Xiajiangcun”, and “Yangducun” covering 15 cultivars through sRNAseq technique. At least 3 viruses<a name="OLE_LINK4"></a>—grapevine leaf roll-associated virus 3 (GLRaV-3), grapevine fleck <span>virus (GFkV) and grapevine geminivirus A (GGVA), and 4 viroids—hop stunt</span> viroid (HSVd), citrus viroid II (CVd-II), grapevine yellow speckle viroid 1 (GYSVd-1) and grapevine yellow speckle viroid 2 (GYSVd-2) infected all four bases. “Yangducun” base showed 11, the most infected pathogens. GYSVd-1 showed the highest accumulation in host of Wangjiayuan base. The main in<span>fected pathogens were verified by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction</span> (RT-PCR) technique, the detected rate reached to 85% - 100%. The results provide an important basis for effective and precise detection of viral diseases in the area and for the virus-free cultivation in future.
基金the National Postdoctoral Program for Innovative Talents of China,Postdoctoral Science Foundation of China(Grant No.2018M640759)Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.21872174 and U1932148)+4 种基金Project of Innovation-Driven Plan in Central South University(Grant No.20180018050001)State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy,International Science and Technology Cooperation Program(Grant No.2017YFE0127800)Hunan Provincial Science and Technology Program(2017XK2026)Shenzhen Science and Technology Innovation Project(Grant No.JCYJ20180307151313532)Thousand Youth Talents Plan of China and Hundred Youth Talents Program of Hunan.
文摘Converting carbon dioxide(CO2)into value-added chemicals by CO2 reduction has been considered as a potential way to solve the current energy crisis and environmental problem.Among the methods of CO2 reduction,the electrochemical method has been widely used due to its mild reaction condition and high reaction efficiency.In the electrochemical reduction system,the CO2 electrocatalyst is the most important part.Although many CO2 electrocatalysts have been developed,efficient catalysts with high activity,selectivity and stability are still lacking.Copper sulfide compound,as a low-toxicity and emerging material,has broad prospects in the field of CO2 reduction due to its unique structural and electrochemical properties.Much progress has been achieved with copper sulfide nanocrystalline and the field is rapidly developing.This paper summarizes the preparation,recent progress in development,and factors affecting the electrocatalytic CO2 reduction performance with copper sulfide compound as a catalyst.Prospects for future development are also outlined,with the aim of using copper sulfide compound as a highly active and stable electrocatalyst for CO2 reduction.
基金the International Science and Technology Cooperation Program(2017YFE0127800 and 2018YFE0203400)the Natural Science Foundation of China(21872174,21762036 and U1932148)+7 种基金the Hunan Provincial Science and Technology Program(2017XK2026)the Shenzhen Science and Technology Innovation Project(JCYJ20180307151313532)Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program for College Students(S202110670023)the Natural Science Foundation of Science and Technology Department of Guizhou Province([2019]1297)the Special Project of Science and Technology Department of Guizhou Province([2020]QNSYXM03)the Natural Science Foundation of Education Department of Guizhou Province([2019]213,[2015]66)Teaching Quality Improvement Project of Qiannan Normal University for Nationalities([2017]50)the Beam Lines of BL01C1,BL24A1 in the NSRRC(MOST 109-2113-M-213-002)and beamline BL10B in National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory。
文摘Now,Pt-based materials are still the best catalysts for hydrogen evolution reaction(HER).Nevertheless,the scarcity of Pt makes it impossible for the large-scale applications in industry.Although cobalt is taken as an excellent HER catalyst due to its suitable H*binding,its alkali HER catalytic property need to be improved because of the sluggish water dissociation kinetics.In this work,nitrogen with small atomic radius and metallophilicity is employed to adjust local charges of atomically dispersed Mo^(δ+)sites on Co nanosheets to trigger water dissociation.Theoretical calculations suggest that the energy barrier of water dissociation can be effectively reduced by introducing nitrogen coordinated Mo^(δ+)sites.To realize this speculation,atomically dispersed Mo^(δ+)sites with nitrogen coordination of Mo(N)/Co were prepared via reconstruction of CoMoO_(4).High angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy(HAADF-STEM)and X-ray absorption spectroscopy(XAS)demonstrate the coordination of N atoms with atomically dispersed Mo atoms,leading to the local charges of atomically dispersed Mo^(δ+)sites in Mo(N)/Co.The measurement from ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(AP-XPS)reveals that the Mo^(δ+)sites promote the adsorption and activation of water molecule.Therefore,the Mo(N)/Co exhibits an excellent activity,which need only an overpotential of 39 mV to reach the current density of 10 mA cm^(-2).The proposed strategy provides an advance pathway to design and boost alkaline HER activity at the atomic-level.
基金Supported by Integration Research and Application of Biological Control Technology against Pests and Diseases in Lincang Ecological Feature Tobacco Growing Areas ( 2011YN79)
文摘[Objective]The paper was to study the most suitable density of chemical pheromone to control Spodoptera litura in tobacco fields. [Method]Sixteen traps ( 4 lines × 4 rows) were placed according to the specifications of 25. 8 m × 25. 8 m ( 15. 0 trap/hm2 ) ,31. 6 m ×31.6 m ( 10.0 trap/hm2 ) and 36.5 m × 36. 5m ( 7. 5 trap / hm2 ) . Meanwhile,a control area larger than 2 hm2 was set up with three repetitions. [Result]Without consideration of impact of wind direction,the amount of trapping moth increased with the increasing controlled area of single trap,but difference of trapping amount of moth was not significant under three different density treatments. Three placement densities could effectively control S. liture in tobacco fields,thereby reduce the use of pesticides and protect the natural enemies and reduce the control cost. [Conclusion] The suitable density of chemical pheromone traps to control S. litura was 31. 6 m × 31. 6 m ( 10. 0 trap / hm2 ) .
文摘碱性析氢反应(HER)可将间歇性可再生能源转化为可存储的清洁能源,因而备受关注.然而,水解离速度缓慢以及H中间体(*H)吸附和解吸困难限制了碱性HER的进一步发展.目前,针对碱性电解水解离缓慢问题,通常采用调整电催化剂结构降低水分解热动力学能垒,以及改变三相界面微环境加速中间产物的扩散等方法来促进水分解进行.此外,可以通过调控活性位点电子结构来优化*H的吸脱附.但是采用单一的策略很难同时促进H_(2)O的解离和*H的吸脱附,难以获得令人满意的碱性HER性能.因此,探索一种能同时促进H_(2)O的解离和*H的吸脱附协同策略对提升碱性HER的性能至关重要.本文提出了一种协同策略,通过构建高曲率二硫化钴纳米针(CoS_(2)NNs)和原子级铜(Cu)的掺杂分别实现诱导纳米尺度的局域电场和原子尺度的电子局域化,从而促进碱性HER的H_(2)O解离和*H吸脱附.首先,采用有限元法模拟和密度泛函理论计算,从理论上分别证实了纳米尺度局域电场可以加速H_(2)O解离以及原子尺度电子局域化可以促进*H吸附.受理论计算结果启发,通过一步水热法和原位硫化相结合的方法制备了高曲率的Cu掺杂CoS_(2)纳米针(Cu-CoS_(2)NNs).采用扫描电镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)和四探针测试等技术进行表征,研究了Cu-CoS_(2)NNs的形貌、物相结构、化学组成和导电性.结果表明,在Cu原子引入后,Cu-CoS_(2)NNs依然保持着高曲率的纳米针结构,证明了Cu在CoS_(2)NNs中的原子分散状态.相较于低曲率的Cu掺杂CoS_(2)纳米线(Cu-CoS_(2)NWs),Cu-CoS_(2)NNs只存在形貌上的区别,二者的化学组成和比例均非常接近.同时,上述材料都具有很强的导电性,且电导率基本相同,这与有限元模拟结果一致.原位衰减全反射红外光谱和电响应测试结果表明,Cu-CoS_(2)NNs具有较好的解离H_(2)O和吸附*H的能力.在1 mol L^(-1)KOH溶液和10 mA cm^(-2)电流密度下,该催化剂的析氢过电位仅为64 mV,展现出较好的电化学析氢性能.催化剂还表现出非常好的碱性析氢稳定性,在标准氢电势(RHE)-0.18 V下,可在100 mA cm^(-2)电流密度下稳定工作达100 h.综上所述,本文通过诱导局域电场和电子局域化构建了一种协同策略,所制备的Cu-CoS_(2)NNs表现出很好的催化碱性HER性能和应用前景,为碱性HER电催化剂的理性设计提供了一定的参考.
文摘The internal mechanism of the high hydrophobicity of the coal samples from the Pingdingshan mining area was studied through industrial,element,and surface functional group analysis.Laboratory testing and molecular dynamics simulations were employed to study the impact of three types of surfactants on the surface adsorption properties and wettability of highly hydrophobic bituminous coal.The results show that the surface of highly hydrophobic bituminous coal is compact,rich in inorganic minerals,and poorly wettable and that coal molecules are dominated by hydrophobic functional groups of aromatic rings and aliphatic structures.The wetting performance of surfactants as the intermediate carrier to connect coal and water molecules is largely determined by the interaction force between surfactants and coal(Fs-c)and the interaction force between surfactants and water(Fs-w),which effectively improve the wettability of modified coal dust via modifying its surface electrical properties and surface energy.A new type of wetting agent with a dust removal rate of 89%has been developed through discovery of a compound wetting agent solution with optimal wetting and settling performance.This paper provides theoretical and technical support for removing highly hydrophobic bituminous coal dust in underground mining.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos.32002069 and 31972439)the Basic and Applied Research Project of Guangdong Province (2020A1515110961).
文摘The consumption of cut roses(Rosa hybrida)has always ranked first in the world.However,it is vulnerable to rapid petal and leaf wilting due to leaf stomatal water loss,which seriously affects its ornamental quality and economic value.Stomatal movement,a key in plant physiological processes,is influenced by potassium and nitrate.Advancing comprehension of its physiological and molecular mechanism holds promise for preserving the freshness of cut roses.This study observed the impacts of different concentrations of KNO_(3) vase treatments on stomatal opening and water loss in cut rose‘Carola’leaves,as well as their transcriptional responses to KNO_(3).Water loss rates were influenced by KNO_(3) concentrations,with the 25 and 75 mmol/L treatments exhibiting the highest water loss rates.The stomatal aperture reached its widest value when treated with 75 mmol/L KNO_(3).Transcriptional sequencing analysis was performed to identify differentially expressed genes(DEGs)of which 5456 were up-regulated,and 6607 were down-regulated associated with photosynthesis,starch and sucrose metabolism,metabolic pathways,plant-pathogen interaction,plant hormone signal transduction,and related pathways.246 DEGs were selected related to response to KNO_(3) treatment,of which gene ontology(GO)enrichment were nitrate and terpenoid metabolism,ion transport,and response to stimuli.Further heatmap analysis revealed that several genes related to nitrate transport a metabolism,K+transport,vacuoles,and aquaporin were in close association with the response to KNO_(3) treatment.Weighted gene co-expression network analysis(WGCNA)revealed that hub genes,including LAX2,TSJT1,and SCPL34 were identified in turquoise,black,and darkgreen module.Transcription factors such as NAC021,CDF3,ERF053,ETR2,and ARF6 exhibited regulatory roles in the response to KNO_(3) treatment under light conditions.These findings provide valuable insights into the physiological and molecular mechanisms underlying the response of cut rose leaves to KNO_(3) treatment.
基金This paper was supported by the funding of Strategic research and consulting project of Chinese Academy of Engineering(Grant No.2022-XBZD-20).
文摘Purpose–High-speed maglev technology can address the issues of adhesion,friction,vibration and highspeed current collection in traditional wheel-rail systems,making it an important direction for the future development of high-speed rail technology.Design/methodology/approach–This paper elaborates on the demand and significance of developing high-speed maglev technology worldwide and examines the current status and technological maturity of several major high-speed maglev systems globally.Findings–This paper summarizes the challenges in the development of high-speed maglev railways in China.Based on this analysis,it puts forward considerations for future research on high-speed maglev railways.Originality/value–This paper describes the development status and technical maturity of several major high-speed maglev systems in the world for the first time,summarizes the existing problems in the development of China’s high-speed maglev railway and on this basis,puts forward the thinking of the next research of China’s high-speed maglev railway.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province (grant no. 2018JJ2485)Hunan Provincial Science and Technology Plan Project (grant nos. 2018RS3008 and 2017TP1001)+1 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant no. 21872174)Innovation-Driven Project of Central South University (grant nos. 2016CXS031 and 2017CX003)
文摘Direct electrochemical reduction of CO2 to multicarbon products is highly desirable, yet challenging. Here, we present a potentiostatic pulse-electrodeposition of high-aspect-ratio CuxAuy nanowire arrays (NWAs) as high-performance electrocatalysts for the CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR). The surface electronic structure related to the Cu:Au ratio in the CuxAuy NWAs could be facilely modulated by controlling the electrodeposition potential and the as-fabricated CuxAuy NWAs could be directly used as the catalytic electrode for the CO2RR. The morphology of the high-aspect-ratio nanowire array significantly lowers the onset potential of the alcohol formation due to the diffusion-induced enhancement of the local pH and CO concentration near the nanowire surface. Besides, the properly adjusted surface electronic structure of the CuxAuy NWA enables the adsorption of CO and facilitates the subsequent CO reduction to ethanol via the C-C coupling pathway. Owing to the synergistic effect of morphology and electronic structure, the optimized CuxAuy NWA selectively reduces CO2 to ethanol at low potentials of -0.5——0.7 V vs. RHE with a highest Faradaic efficiency of 48%. This work demonstrates the feasibility to optimize the activity and selectivity of the Cu-based electrocatalysts toward multicarbon alcohols for the CO2RR via simultaneous adjustment of the electronic structure and morphology of the catalysts.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(21872174,22002189,U1932148)the International Science and Technology Cooperation Program(2017YFE0127800,2018YFE0203402)+5 种基金the Hunan Provincial Science and Technology Program(2017XK2026)the Hunan Province Key Field R&D Program(2020WK2002)the Hunan Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(2020JJ2041,2020JJ5691)the Shenzhen Science and Technology Innovation Project(JCYJ20180307151313532)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of Central South University。
文摘Copper (Cu) is a special electrocatalyst for CO_(2) reduction reaction (CO_(2)RR) to multi-carbon products.Experimentally introducing grain boundaries (GBs) into Cu-based catalysts is an efficient strategy to improve the selectivity of C^(2+) products.However,it is still elusive for the C^(2+) product generation on Cu GBs due to the complex active sites.In this work,we found that the tandem catalysis pathway on adjacent active motifs of Cu GB is responsible for the enhanced activity for C^(2+)production by first principles calculations.By electronic structure analysis shows,the d-band center of GB site is close to the Fermi level than Cu(100) facet,the Cu atomic sites at grain boundary have shorter bond length and stronger bonding with*CO,which can enhance the adsorption of*CO at GB sites.Moreover,CO_(2)protonation is more favorable on the region Ⅲ motif (0.84 e V) than at Cu(100) site (1.35 e V).Meanwhile,the region Ⅱ motif also facilitate the C–C coupling (0.72 e V) compared to the Cu(100) motif (1.09 e V).Therefore,the region Ⅲ and Ⅱ motifs form a tandem catalysis pathway,which promotes the C^(2+)selectivity on Cu GBs.This work provides new insights into CO_(2)RR process.
基金Sponsored by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.51377041)
文摘The stator flux and electromagnetic torque observation is the basis of direct torque controlled permanent magnet synchronous motor( PMSM) drive system. However,the traditional stator flux observer based on voltage model is affected by integral initial values and integral drift,that based on current model is affected by the parameters of PMSM,so a new stator flux observation method is proposed based on an improved secondorder generalized integrator( SOGI). Compared to the stator flux observation method based on the conventional SOGI,the proposed method can not only overcome the influence of integral initial values and integral drift,but also completely eliminate the DC offset's influence. Therefore,the observation accuracy of stator flux is further improved. The simulation and experimental results both show that the proposed method has a higher stator flux and electromagnetic torque observation precision.
基金Natural Science Foundation of China (21872174,22002189,U1932148)the International Science and Technology Cooperation Program (2017YFE0127800,2018YFE0203402)+5 种基金the Hunan Provincial Science and Technology Program(2017XK2026)the Hunan Province Key Field R&D Program(2020WK2002)the Hunan Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China (2020JJ2041,2020JJ5691)the Shenzhen Science and Technology Innovation Project (JCYJ20180307151313532)the Hunan Provincial Science and Technology Plan Project(2017TP1001)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of Central South University。
文摘Formate is an important liquid chemical,which can be produced by electrocatalytic carbon dioxide reduction reaction(CO_(2) RR).Most of the metal catalysts for CO_(2) RR to formate are toxic or noble metals,such as Cd,Hg,Pb and Pd,leading to the environmental pollution or increased production costs.Herein,we develop an environmentally friendly and low-cost NiZn alloy catalyst for CO_(2) RR to formate.The X-ray diffraction(XRD),X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS) and transmission electron microscopy(TEM) confirm the alloy structure of the prepared NiZn catalyst. As for a catalyst for CO_(2) RR,the NiZn alloy exhibits the FE_(HCOO)^(-)(Faraday efficiency of HCOO^(-)) of 36±0.7% at-0.9 V vs.RHE in 0.1 M KHCO_(3), and remarkable stability for 40,000 s at-0.8,-0.9,-1.0 and-1.1 V vs.RHE,respectively.Theoretical calculation results indicate that the NiZn alloy exhibits the middle valence electron structure between the Zn and Ni metal,resulting in the favorable pathway for HCOOH formation but unfavorable for the hydrogen evolution reaction and CO production.The Ultraviolet Photoelectron Spectroscopy results verify the modulated valence electron structure for NiZn alloy as compared to Ni and Zn,consistent with the theoretical calculation results.This work provides new insights into design of alloy catalysts for CO_(2) RR to formate.
基金This work was supported by grants from the Key-Area Research and Development Program of Guangdong Province(Grant No.2020B020222002)the Guangdong Provincial Promotion Project on Preservation and Utilization of Local Breed of Livestock and Poultry,National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.31401046)+1 种基金the China Agriculture Research System(CARS-41-G03)Guangdong Youth Talent Project.
文摘Background:B-cell CLL/lymphoma 6(BCL6)is a transcriptional master regulator that represses more than 1200 potential target genes.Our previous study showed that a decline in blood production in runting and stunting syndrome(RSS)affected sex-linked dwarf(SLD)chickens compared to SLD chickens.However,the association between BCL6 gene and hematopoietic function remains unknown in chickens.Methods:In this study,we used RSS affected SLD(RSS-SLD)chickens,SLD chickens and normal chickens as research object and overexpression of BCL6 in hematopoietic stem cells(HSCs),to investigate the effect of the BCL6 on differentiation and development of HSCs.Results:The results showed that comparison of RSS-SLD chickens with SLD chickens,the BCL6 was highly expressed in RSS-SLD chickens bone marrow.The bone marrow of RSS-SLD chickens was exhausted and red bone marrow was largely replaced by yellow bone marrow,bone density was reduced,and the levels of immature erythrocytes in peripheral blood were increased.At the same time,the hematopoietic function of HSCs decreased in RSS-SLD chickens,which was manifested by a decrease in the hematopoietic growth factors(HGFs)EPO,SCF,TPO,and IL-3,as well as hemoglobinα1 and hemoglobinβexpression.Moreover,mitochondrial function in the HSCs of RSS-SLD chickens was damaged,including an increase in ROS production,decrease in ATP concentration,and decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential(ΔΨm).The same results were also observed in SLD chickens compared with normal chickens;however,the symptoms were more serious in RSS-SLD chickens.Additionally,after overexpression of the BCL6 in primary HSCs,the secretion of HGFs(EPO,SCF,TPO and IL-3)was inhibited and the expression of hemoglobinα1 and hemoglobinβwas decreased.However,cell proliferation was accelerated,apoptosis was inhibited,and the HSCs entered a cancerous state.The function of mitochondria was also abnormal,ROS production was decreased,and ATP concentration andΔΨm were increased,which was related to the inhibition of apoptosis of stem cells.Conclusions:Taken together,we conclude that the high expression of BCL6 inhibits the differentiation and development of HSCs by affecting mitochondrial function,resulting in impaired growth and development of chickens.Moreover,the abnormal expression of BCL6 might be a cause of the clinical manifestations of chicken comb,pale skin,stunted growth and development,and the tendency to appear RSS in SLD chickens.
文摘Odontoglossum ringspot virus (ORSV) infects perennial orchids (Phalaenopsis amabilis) and causes a widespread viral disease. RNA-silencing of viral genes is a promising and effective way of controlling viral infection in plants. An inverted repeat (IR) fragment of the ORSV coat protein gene, cp, was inserted into the pXGY1 vector to generate the silencing construct, pXGY1-ORSV, which was introduced into Nicotiana benthamiana via Agrobacterium-mediated infiltration. A total of 15 homozygous pXGY1-ORSV transgenic N. benthamiana T1 plants were obtained from five transgenic lines, and ORSV cp gene multiplication was reduced by at least 75% - 95% in 12 T2 plants, demonstrating their increased resistance to ORSV. An infectious ORSV clone, pCAMBIA2300-ORSV, was generated to facilitate rigorous analyses of plant viral resistance. Semi-quantitative RT-PCR (sqRT-PCR) and northern-blot analyses revealed that levels of ORSV multiplication and ORSV coat protein were significantly reduced in pXGY1-ORSV transgenic N. benthamiana. Western-blot from pXGY1-ORSV inoculated leaves of ORSV infected P. amabilis also revealed the significant decrease and even degradation of ORSV-CP protein. Disease symptoms were not observed in transgenic plants. These results indicate a high level of ORSV-resistance in pXGY1-ORSV transgenic N. benthamiana.
基金Korea Food Research Institute(413090036)Rural Development Administration of Korea(413090037).
文摘With the global warming,the cultivation and storage of northern Chinese cabbage has been infected by Sclerotium bacteria,resulting in the whole plant rot.In this study,in order to develop a bio-inhibitory agent with antibacterial effect and no toxicity and no residue,three strains with high inhibition rate against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum were screened from 69 samples of Doenjang collected in different regions.By observing culture characteristics and physiological and biochemical tests,three strains were identified through 16S rDNA sequence and phylogenetic tree.The results showed that SP-6 was Bacillus amyloliquefaciens,SP-13 was Bacillus methylotrophicus,and SP-14 was Bacillus subtilis.Meanwhile,the inhibition rate of the aseptic fermentation filtrate of three strains against S.sclerotiorum was determined and the fermentation conditions of SP-14 strain was optimized.Results showed that all of three fermentation filtrates inhibited S.sclerotiorum.Data showed that the best conditions for fermentation for the antibacterial substances of SP-14 strain is as following:1%maltose,1%ammonium oxalate or beef extract,1%ferrous sulfate,fermentation at 32℃for 36 h,initial pH 8–9 and the inoculation amount 5%.The living bacteriostatic test showed that SP-14 strain had good inhibitory effect on S.sclerotiorum and the inhibitory effect was more significant when the bacteria concentration was 1.2×10^(11)CFU/mL.
基金This work was financially supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(11902204)Liaoning Revitalization Talents Program(XLYC2007118)+3 种基金Aeronautical Science Foundation(201903054001)Shenyang Youth Technological Innovation Talent Project(RC200030),Shenyang Natural Science Foundation Project(22-315-6-07)Education Department of Liaoning Province’s Item(LJKQZ 20222263)Basic Scientific Research Project of Liaoning Provincial Department of Education(LJKMZ20220566).
文摘Composite structures are sensitive to impact damage in practical engineering.Electric resistance change method(ERCM)is an ideal technique for damage monitoring of composite structures.Due to the anisotropy of fiber-resin matrix composites,impact location monitoring is difficult,and research on impact location of fiber composite laminates(FRPs)is limited.A preparation method of MXene/CNT/CuNps thin film sensor is proposed.According to the modeling simulation and theoretical calculation,the resistance change characteristics of the thin film sensor are obtained,the relationship between the impact distance and the resistance change is established,and the sensor array is designed.A three-point localization algorithm and a weight function compensation localization algorithm are proposed,which can improve the imaging accuracy of the impact position.The impact point location was observed and analyzed using ultrasonic C-scan technology.The results show that the weight function compensation positioning algorithm can accurately locate the impact of the composite structure,and the error in the X direction is 7.1%,the error in the Y direction is 0.03%,which verifies the effectiveness of the method.
