Calcium influx into neurons triggers neuronal death during cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury.Various calcium channels are involved in cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury.Cav3.2 channel is a main subtype of T-type ...Calcium influx into neurons triggers neuronal death during cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury.Various calcium channels are involved in cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury.Cav3.2 channel is a main subtype of T-type calcium channels.T-type calcium channel blockers,such as pimozide and mibefradil,have been shown to prevent cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury-induced brain injury.However,the role of Cav3.2 channels in cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury remains unclear.Here,in vitro and in vivo models of cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury were established using middle cerebral artery occlusion in mice and high glucose hypoxia/reoxygenation exposure in primary hippocampal neurons.The results showed that Cav3.2 expression was significantly upregulated in injured hippocampal tissue and primary hippocampal neurons.We further established a Cav3.2 gene-knockout mouse model of cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury.Cav3.2 knockout markedly reduced infarct volume and brain water content,and alleviated neurological dysfunction after cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury.Additionally,Cav3.2 knockout attenuated cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury-induced oxidative stress,inflammatory response,and neuronal apoptosis.In the hippocampus of Cav3.2-knockout mice,calcineurin overexpression offset the beneficial effect of Cav3.2 knockout after cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury.These findings suggest that the neuroprotective function of Cav3.2 knockout is mediated by calcineurin/nuclear factor of activated T cells 3 signaling.Findings from this study suggest that Cav3.2 could be a promising target for treatment of cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury.展开更多
Although advanced anode materials for the lithium-ion battery have been investigated for decades,a reliable,high-capacity,and durable material that can enable a fast charge remains elusive.Herein,we report that a meta...Although advanced anode materials for the lithium-ion battery have been investigated for decades,a reliable,high-capacity,and durable material that can enable a fast charge remains elusive.Herein,we report that a metal phosphorous trichalcogenide of MnPS_(3)(manganese phosphorus trisulfide),endowed with a unique and layered van der Waals structure,is highly beneficial for the fast insertion/extraction of alkali metal ions and can facilitate changes in the buffer volume during cycles with robust structural stability.The few-layered MnPS_(3)anodes displayed the desirable specific capacity and excellent rate chargeability owing to their good electronic and ionic conductivities.When assembled as a half-cell lithium-ion battery,a high reversible capacity of 380 mA h g^(−1)was maintained by the MnPS_(3)after 3000 cycles at a high current density of 4 A g^(−1),with a capacity retention of close to or above 100%.In full-cell testing,a reversible capacity of 450 mA h g^(−1)after 200 cycles was maintained as well.The results of in-situ TEM revealed that MnPS_(3)nanoflakes maintained a high structural integrity without exhibiting any pulverization after undergoing large volumetric expansion for the insertion of a large number of lithium ions.Their kinetics of lithium-ion diffusion,stable structure,and high pseudocapacitance contributed to their comprehensive performance,for example,a high specific capacity,rapid charge-discharge,and long cyclability.MnPS_(3)is thus an efficient anode for the next generation of batteries with a fast charge/discharge capability.展开更多
The electrochemical performance of lithium-ion batteries,i.e.specific capacity and cyclability,is primarily determined by chemical reversibility and structural stability of the electrodes in cycling.Here we have inves...The electrochemical performance of lithium-ion batteries,i.e.specific capacity and cyclability,is primarily determined by chemical reversibility and structural stability of the electrodes in cycling.Here we have investigated the fundamental reaction behaviors of nickel sulfide(NixSy)as lithium-ion battery anodes by in-situ TEM.We find that Ni_(3)S_(2)is the electrochemically stable phase,which appears in the first cycle of the NixSyanode.From the second cycle,conversion between Ni_(3)S_(2)and Li_(2)S/Ni is the dominant electrochemical reaction.In lithiation,the NixSynanoparticles evolve into a mixture of Ni nanocrystals embedded in Li_(2)S matrix,which form a porous structure upon full lithiation,and with the recrystallization of the Ni_(3)S_(2)phase in delithiation,a compact and interconnected network is built.Structural stability in cycles is susceptible to particle size and substrate restraint.Carbon substrate can certainly improve the tolerance for size-dependent pulverization of NixSynanoparticles.When NixSynanoparticle exceeds the critical size value,the morphology of the particle is no longer well maintained even under the constraints of the carbon substrate.This work deepens the understanding of electrochemical reaction behavior of conversiontype materials and helps to rational design of high-energy density battery anodes.展开更多
Atmospheric CO_(2)concentrations are soaring due to the continued use of fossil fuels in energy production,an anthropogenic activity that is playing a leading role in global warming.Thus,research aimed at the capture ...Atmospheric CO_(2)concentrations are soaring due to the continued use of fossil fuels in energy production,an anthropogenic activity that is playing a leading role in global warming.Thus,research aimed at the capture and conversion of CO_(2)into value-added products,such as cyclic carbonates,is booming.While CO_(2)is an abundant,cheap,non-toxic,and readily accessible Cl feedstock,its thermodynamic stability necessitates the development of highly efficient catalysts that are able to promote chemical reactions under mild conditions.In this work,a novel mesoporous poly(ionic liquid)with dual active sites was synthesized through a facile method that involves co-polymerization,post-synthetic metalation,and supercritical CO_(2)drying.Due to a high density of nucleophilic and electrophilic sites,the as-prepared poly(ionic liquid),denoted as P2D-4BrBQA-Zn,offers excellent performance in a CO_(2)cycloaddition reaction using epichlorohydrin as the substrate(98.9%conversion and 96.9%selectivity).Moreover the reaction is carried out under mild,solvent-free,and additive-free conditions.Notably,P2D-4BrBQA-Zn also efficiently promotes the conversion of various other epoxide substrates into cyclic carbonates.Overall,the catalyst is found to have excellent substrate compatibility,stability,and recyclability.展开更多
Ultrathin flat metalenses have emerged as promising alternatives to conventional diffractive lenses,offering new possibilities for myriads of miniaturization and interfacial applications.Graphene-based materials can a...Ultrathin flat metalenses have emerged as promising alternatives to conventional diffractive lenses,offering new possibilities for myriads of miniaturization and interfacial applications.Graphene-based materials can achieve both phase and amplitude modulations simultaneously at a single position due to the modification of the complex refractive index and thickness by laser conversion from graphene oxide into graphene like materials.In this work,we develop graphene oxide metalenses to precisely control phase and amplitude modulations and to achieve a holistic and systematic lens design based on a graphene-based material system.We experimentally validate our strategies via demonstrations of two graphene oxide metalenses:one with an ultra-long(~16λ)optical needle,and the other with axial multifocal spots,at the wavelength of 632.8 nm with a 200 nm thin film.Our proposed graphene oxide metalenses unfold unprecedented opportunities for accurately designing graphene-based ultrathin integratable devices for broad applications.展开更多
In a wind turbine,the rolling bearing is the critical component.However,it has a high failure rate.Therefore,the failure analysis and fault diagnosis of wind power rolling bearings are very important to ensure the hig...In a wind turbine,the rolling bearing is the critical component.However,it has a high failure rate.Therefore,the failure analysis and fault diagnosis of wind power rolling bearings are very important to ensure the high reliability and safety of wind power equipment.In this study,the failure form and the corresponding reason for the failure are discussed firstly.Then,the natural frequency and the characteristic frequency are analyzed.The Empirical Mode Decomposition(EMD)algorithm is used to extract the characteristics of the vibration signal of the rolling bearing.Moreover,the eigenmode function is obtained and then filtered by the kurtosis criterion.Consequently,the relationship between the actual fault frequency spectrum and the theoretical fault frequency can be obtained.Then the fault analysis is performed.To enhance the accuracy of fault diagnosis,based on the previous feature extraction and the time-frequency domain feature extraction of the data after EMD decomposition processing,four different classifiers are added to diagnose and classify the fault status of rolling bearings and compare them with four different classifiers.展开更多
Layered rock strata are observed to be common during the excavation of tunnels or cavities,and may significantly affect the deformation and failure characteristics of surrounding rock masses due to various complex for...Layered rock strata are observed to be common during the excavation of tunnels or cavities,and may significantly affect the deformation and failure characteristics of surrounding rock masses due to various complex forms and mechanical properties.In this paper,we propose a three-dimensional axisymmetric velocity field for roof collapse of shallow cavities in multi rock layers,by considering the influences of roof cross-section shapes,supporting pressure,ground overload,etc.The internal energy dissipation rate and work rates of external forces corresponding to the velocity field are computed by employing the Hoek-Brown strength criterion and its associated flow rule.Further,the equations of the collapse surfaces and the corresponding weight of collapsing rock masses are derived on the basis of upper bound theorem.Furthermore,we validate the proposed method by comparing the results of numerical calculations and existing research findings.The change laws of the collapse range under varying parameters are obtained for the presence of rectangular and spherical cavities.We also find that the three-dimensional mechanism is relatively safer for engineering designing actually,compared with the traditional two-dimensional mechanism.All these conclusions may provide workable guidelines for the support design of shallow cavities in layered rock strata practically.展开更多
Objective Previous studies have proven that cumulative smoking dose predicts the prevalence of epidermal growth factor receptor(EGFR) mutations. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between smokin...Objective Previous studies have proven that cumulative smoking dose predicts the prevalence of epidermal growth factor receptor(EGFR) mutations. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between smoking-related factors and EGFR mutation status. Methods Samples were collected from 195 smokers with non-small cell lung cancer(NSCLC) who underwent surgical resection and the presence of EGFR mutations(exons 19 and 21) were determined by real-time polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR).Results EGFR gene mutations were present in 33(16.9%) patients who were smokers; the patients were divided into three groups according to the smoking index(SI). The incidence of EGFR mutations decreased from 38.9% in mild smokers to 8.1% in severe smokers(P = 0.001). Compared to daily smoking dose(P = 0.547), initial smoking age(P = 0.085) and duration of smoking history had a larger effect on EGFR mutation status(P = 0.002).Conclusion Although there is a decrease in the incidence of mutations with increasing SI, there were still around 17% of smokers with NSCLC that harbored EGFR mutations, so it is necessary to test for EGFR mutation status in smokers with NSCLC.展开更多
The exploitation of proper electron transport layers(ETLs)and interface optimization can play a pivotal role to promote the performance of organic solar cells(OSCs).In this work,low temperature processable tin oxide(S...The exploitation of proper electron transport layers(ETLs)and interface optimization can play a pivotal role to promote the performance of organic solar cells(OSCs).In this work,low temperature processable tin oxide(SnO_(2))colloidal nanoparticles with ethanolamine(EA)treatment are successfully employed for efficient and stable OSCs with light soaking free.The EA is chemically bonded with SnO_(2),and the ethanolamine treated tin oxide(E-SnO_(2))layer delivers a suitable work function of 4.10 eV and a unique surface texture with suspended polar moieties.The enhanced performance of E-SnO_(2) based OSCs can be attributed to the improved charge transport and electron extraction,which is correlated with the regulated energy level alignment and contact quality of E-SnO_(2)/active layer.As a result,considerable power conversion efficiencies(PCEs)of 10.30%,13.93%and 15.38%for PTB7-Th/PC_(71) BM,PM7/ITC6-4 F and PM6/Y6 based OSCs have been realized with E-SnO_(2) as ETL,respectively.Compared with ZnO based devices,the E-SnO_(2) based OSCs exhibit an improved light aging stability,which can retain 94.3%of their initial PCE of 15.38%after 100 h light aging for E-SnO_(2)/PM6/Y6 based OSCs.This work demonstrates that the enormous potential of E-SnO_(2) to serve as ETL for high-efficiency and stable OSCs.展开更多
Objective The present study attempted to evaluate the value of neoadjuvant chemotherapy in limiteddisease small cell lung cancer(LD-SCLC),and to identify the predictive value of the tumor regression grading(TRG) syste...Objective The present study attempted to evaluate the value of neoadjuvant chemotherapy in limiteddisease small cell lung cancer(LD-SCLC),and to identify the predictive value of the tumor regression grading(TRG) system in LD-SCLC treatment-response and prognosis.Methods The records of patients with LD-SCLC(p-Stage I–IIIa) who underwent definitive radical resection at Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital between March 1,2000 and March 31,2014 were retrospectively analyzed.We compared the disease-free survival(DFS) and overall survival(OS) rates between Group A patients(patients who underwent surgery combined with pre-and post-operative chemotherapy) and Group B patients(patients who underwent surgery combined with adjuvant chemotherapy only) using the Kaplan-Meier method and the Mantel-Cox test.The specimens of patients who received neoadjuvant chemotherapy were reassessed according to the TRG system.Results The median DFS for 27 patients was 16.267 months and the median OS was 81.167 months(1-year OS,74.07%;3-year OS,22.22%;5-year OS,14.81%).Thirteen patients received neoadjuvant chemotherapy,and their specimens were reassessed by TRG(pathological complete remission,3/13,23.08%).Patients in group A had a longer OS than those in group B(mean,93.782 months versus 42.322 months,P = 0.025),although there was no significant difference in DFS between the two groups(median 20.100 months versus 14.667 months,P = 0.551).Statistical analysis revealed that TRG Grade(G) 0(mean,61.222 months) was associated with better OS than G1-2(mean,31.213 months)(P = 0.311).Conclusion Our study indicated that neoadjuvant chemotherapy combined with surgical resection may represent a feasible treatment method for patients with LD-SCLC.The TRG system may be a valuable prediction tool to assess neoadjuvant chemotherapeutic efficacy,especially in patients with G0 disease as determined by TRG;these patients may attain an improved survival benefit with neoadjuvant chemotherapy.展开更多
Integrating micro-optical components at the end facet of an optical fiber enables compact optics to shape the output beam(e.g.collimating,focusing,and coupling to free space elements or photonic integrated circuits).H...Integrating micro-optical components at the end facet of an optical fiber enables compact optics to shape the output beam(e.g.collimating,focusing,and coupling to free space elements or photonic integrated circuits).However,the scalability of this approach is a longstanding challenge as these components must be aligned onto individual fiber facets.In this paper,we propose a socket that enables easy slotting of fibers,self-alignment,and coupling onto micro-optical components.This integrated socket can be detached from the substrate upon fiber insertion to create a stand-alone optical system.Fabrication is done using nanoscale 3D printing via two-photon polymerization lithography onto glass substrates,which allows multiple sockets to be patterned in a single print.We investigated variations in socket design and evaluated the performance of optical elements for telecom wavelengths.We obtained an alignment accuracy of∼3.5μm.These socket designs can be customized for high efficiency chip to fiber coupling and extended to other spectral ranges for free-form optics.展开更多
In uncertainty-based multidisciplinary design optimization(UBMDO),all reliability limitation factors are maintained due to minimize the cost target function.There are many reliability evaluation methods for reliabilit...In uncertainty-based multidisciplinary design optimization(UBMDO),all reliability limitation factors are maintained due to minimize the cost target function.There are many reliability evaluation methods for reliability limitation factors.The second-order reliability method(SORM)is a powerful most possible point(MPP)-based method.It can provide an accurate estimation of the failure probability of a highly nonlinear limit state function despite its large curvature.But the Hessian calculation is necessary in SORM,which results in a heavy computational cost.Recently,an efficient approximated second-order reliability method(ASORM)is proposed.The ASORM uses a quasi-Newton method to close to Hessian without the direct calculation of Hessian.To further improve the UBMDO efficiency,we also introduce the performance measure approach(PMA)and the sequential optimization and reliability assessment(SORA)strategy.To solve the optimization design problem of a turbine blade,the formula of MDO with ASORM under the SORA framework(MDO-ASORM-SORA)is proposed.展开更多
In the engineering.to ensure the quality and safety,it is necessary to carry out reliability analysis on it.When conducting reliability analysis in engineering.a 1arge rumber of small1 failure probability problems wil...In the engineering.to ensure the quality and safety,it is necessary to carry out reliability analysis on it.When conducting reliability analysis in engineering.a 1arge rumber of small1 failure probability problems will be encountered.For such problems,the traditional Monte Carlo method needs a 1ot of samples,and the calculation efficiency is extremely 1ow,while the subset sinmulation method can efficiently estimate the relLability index of the small failure probability problem with litle samples.Therefore,this paper takes the application of the subset simulation method in the reliability analysis of the small failure probability structure as the object,constructs the reliability analysis method of the single failure mode of the system and applies the method to a mathematical example and a single-story gate.Through the rigid frame example,it can be seen that this method is beneficial to improve the calculation efficiency and accuracy.展开更多
The embryonic mesoderm comprises heterogeneous cell subpopulations with distinct lineage biases.It is unclear whether a bias for the human hematopoietic lineage emerges at this early developmental stage.In this study,...The embryonic mesoderm comprises heterogeneous cell subpopulations with distinct lineage biases.It is unclear whether a bias for the human hematopoietic lineage emerges at this early developmental stage.In this study,we integrated single-cell transcriptomic analyses of human mesoderm cells from embryonic stem cells and embryos,enabling us to identify and define the molecular features of human hematopoietic mesoderm(HM)cells biased towards hematopoietic lineages.We discovered that BMP4 plays an essential role in HM specification and can serve as a marker for HM cells.Mechanistically,BMP4 acts as a downstream target of HDAC1,which modulates the expression of BMP4 by deacetylating its enhancer.Inhibition of HDAC significantly enhances HM specification and promotes subsequent hematopoietic cell differentiation.In conclusion,our study identifies human HM cells and describes new mechanisms for human hematopoietic development.展开更多
With the fast generation of electronic waste(e-waste)and the increasing depletion of metal resources,“urban mining”that can selectively recover gold from secondary resources has attracted great interest.Construction...With the fast generation of electronic waste(e-waste)and the increasing depletion of metal resources,“urban mining”that can selectively recover gold from secondary resources has attracted great interest.Construction of materials with high extraction capacity and satisfying selectivity in complex aqueous-based matrices still remains challenging.Here,a novel metal-organic framework/polymer composite(Fe-BTC/poly(thioctic acid),denoted as Fe-BTC/pTA)has been newly synthesized and applied for selective gold recovery in different matrices(river water,seawater,and leaching solution of e-waste).Benefiting from the high specific surface area and suitable pore sizes as well as the rational design of active sites,the composite exhibits high adsorption capacity(920 mg/g),high removal efficiency(>99%),fast kinetics(below 0.1 ppb within 10 min),and good applicability in complex matrices,which are better than those of most reported sulfur-containing adsorbents.Solid-state metallic gold with high purity can be effectively enriched due to the high recyclability and long-term stability of the composite.The material after adsorption can be further applied as a heterogeneous catalyst for water remediation due to the in situ generated gold nanoparticles by the redox reaction between Au(III)ions and the S-containing groups in the composites.展开更多
Most inorganic thermoelectric semiconductors are intrinsically brittle,restricting the application of ther-moelectric materials.Therefore,developing ductile thermoelectric materials is crucial to thermoelectric techno...Most inorganic thermoelectric semiconductors are intrinsically brittle,restricting the application of ther-moelectric materials.Therefore,developing ductile thermoelectric materials is crucial to thermoelectric technology applications.In this work,single-phase SnTe bulks with dense dislocations were prepared by melting quenching combined with spark plasma sintering.The resulting SnTe thermoelectric materials exhibited a large compressive strain of∼7.5%at room temperature,originating from high-density pre-existing mobile dislocations.The initiation of localized slip bands and preferred slip system were also identified by first-principles simulation.Detail microstructural characterizations reveal that the thermal activated dislocation emission and migration lead to higher compressive strains at intermediate tem-peratures.At 673 K,the deformation mechanism changed from dislocation mediated to grain boundary mediated plasticity,resulting in an ultra-high compressive strain of∼42%.In sum,new insights into the mechanical behavior of SnTe thermoelectric material over a wide range of temperatures were provided.This work offers the dislocation engineering strategy to design ductile thermoelectric materials for flexi-ble electronics and energy systems.展开更多
Alloys with a hexagonal close-packed(HCP)lattice often suffer from intrinsic brittleness due to their in-sufficient number of slip systems,which limits their practical uses.In this paper,nevertheless,we show that rema...Alloys with a hexagonal close-packed(HCP)lattice often suffer from intrinsic brittleness due to their in-sufficient number of slip systems,which limits their practical uses.In this paper,nevertheless,we show that remarkably tensile ductility in HCP Hf-Zr-Ti medium entropy alloys(MEAs)was achieved,particu-larly in the MEAs with a higher content of Hf.Both first-principles calculation and experimental analyses reveal that addition of Hf increases basal I2 stacking fault energy and decreases prismatic stacking fault energy in these HCP MEAs,which promotes the source of pyramidal dislocations due to the facilitated cross slips of basal dislocations and eventually give rise to the observed large tensile ductility.Our current findings not only shed new insights into understanding deformation of HCP alloys,but also provide a basis for controlling alloying effects for developing novel HCP complex alloys with optimized properties.展开更多
The passive convergence-permeable reactive barrier(PC-PRB)was proposed to address the limitations of traditional PRB configurations.To evaluate the hydraulic and pollutant removal performance of the PC-PRB system,we d...The passive convergence-permeable reactive barrier(PC-PRB)was proposed to address the limitations of traditional PRB configurations.To evaluate the hydraulic and pollutant removal performance of the PC-PRB system,we developed a simulation code named PRB-Trans.This code uses the two-dimensional(2D)finite element method to simulate groundwater flow and solute transport.Case studies demonstrate that PC-PRB technology is more efficient and cost-effective than continuous permeable reactive barrier(C-PRB)in treating the same contaminated plume.Implementation of PC-PRB technology results in a 33.3%and 72.7%reduction in PRB length(L_(PRB))and height(H_(PRB)),respectively,while increasing 2D horizontal and 2D vertical pollutant treatment efficiencies of PRB by 87.8%and 266.8%,respectively.In addition,the PC-PRB technology has the ability to homogenize the pollutant concentration and pollutant flux through the PRB system,which can mitigate the problems arising from uneven distribution of pollutants in the C-PRB to some extent.The L_(PRB)required for PC-PRB decreases as the water pipe length(L_(p))increases,while the H_(PRB)required initially decreases and then increases with increasing L_(p).The effect of passive well height(Hw)on H_(PRB)is not as significant as that of L_(p)on H_(PRB).Overall,PC-PRB presents a promising and advantageous PRB configuration in the effective treatment of various types of contaminated plumes.展开更多
The field of metasurface research has rapidly developed in the past decade.Electron-beam lithography(EBL)is an excellent tool used for rapid prototyping of metasurfaces.However,Gaussian-beam EBL generally struggles wi...The field of metasurface research has rapidly developed in the past decade.Electron-beam lithography(EBL)is an excellent tool used for rapid prototyping of metasurfaces.However,Gaussian-beam EBL generally struggles with low throughput.In conjunction with the recent rise of interest in metasurfaces made of low-index dielectric materials,we propose in this study the use of a relatively unexplored chemically amplified resist,SU-8 with EBL,as a method for rapid prototyping of low-index metasurfaces.We demonstrate the use of SU-8 grating on silicon for cost-efficient fabrication of an all-dielectric multilevel security print for anti-counterfeiting purposes,which encrypt different optical information with different light illumination conditions,namely,bright-field reflection,dark-field reflection,and cross-polarized reflection.The large-scale print(1 mm^(2))could be exposed in a relatively short time(~11 min)due to the ultrahigh sensitivity of the resist,while the feature size of~200 nm was maintained,demonstrating that SU-8 EBL resist serves as a good candidate for rapid prototyping of metasurface designs.Our results could find applications in the general area of increasing EBL patterning speed for a variety of other devices and structures.展开更多
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Anhui Province of China,No.2208085Y32Scientific Research Plan Project of Anhui Province of China,No.2022AH020076the Chen Xiao-Ping Foundation for the Development of Science and Technology of Hubei Province,No.CXPJJH12000005-07-115(all to CT).
文摘Calcium influx into neurons triggers neuronal death during cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury.Various calcium channels are involved in cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury.Cav3.2 channel is a main subtype of T-type calcium channels.T-type calcium channel blockers,such as pimozide and mibefradil,have been shown to prevent cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury-induced brain injury.However,the role of Cav3.2 channels in cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury remains unclear.Here,in vitro and in vivo models of cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury were established using middle cerebral artery occlusion in mice and high glucose hypoxia/reoxygenation exposure in primary hippocampal neurons.The results showed that Cav3.2 expression was significantly upregulated in injured hippocampal tissue and primary hippocampal neurons.We further established a Cav3.2 gene-knockout mouse model of cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury.Cav3.2 knockout markedly reduced infarct volume and brain water content,and alleviated neurological dysfunction after cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury.Additionally,Cav3.2 knockout attenuated cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury-induced oxidative stress,inflammatory response,and neuronal apoptosis.In the hippocampus of Cav3.2-knockout mice,calcineurin overexpression offset the beneficial effect of Cav3.2 knockout after cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury.These findings suggest that the neuroprotective function of Cav3.2 knockout is mediated by calcineurin/nuclear factor of activated T cells 3 signaling.Findings from this study suggest that Cav3.2 could be a promising target for treatment of cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China,Grant/Award Numbers:11902185,11972219,U21A2086National Key Research and Development Program of China,Grant/Award Number:2020YFB0704503+1 种基金Young Elite Scientist Sponsorship Program by CAST,Grant/Award Number:2019QNRC001Shanghai Sailing Program,Grant/Award Number:19YF1415100。
文摘Although advanced anode materials for the lithium-ion battery have been investigated for decades,a reliable,high-capacity,and durable material that can enable a fast charge remains elusive.Herein,we report that a metal phosphorous trichalcogenide of MnPS_(3)(manganese phosphorus trisulfide),endowed with a unique and layered van der Waals structure,is highly beneficial for the fast insertion/extraction of alkali metal ions and can facilitate changes in the buffer volume during cycles with robust structural stability.The few-layered MnPS_(3)anodes displayed the desirable specific capacity and excellent rate chargeability owing to their good electronic and ionic conductivities.When assembled as a half-cell lithium-ion battery,a high reversible capacity of 380 mA h g^(−1)was maintained by the MnPS_(3)after 3000 cycles at a high current density of 4 A g^(−1),with a capacity retention of close to or above 100%.In full-cell testing,a reversible capacity of 450 mA h g^(−1)after 200 cycles was maintained as well.The results of in-situ TEM revealed that MnPS_(3)nanoflakes maintained a high structural integrity without exhibiting any pulverization after undergoing large volumetric expansion for the insertion of a large number of lithium ions.Their kinetics of lithium-ion diffusion,stable structure,and high pseudocapacitance contributed to their comprehensive performance,for example,a high specific capacity,rapid charge-discharge,and long cyclability.MnPS_(3)is thus an efficient anode for the next generation of batteries with a fast charge/discharge capability.
基金the support by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(11972219 and 11902185)the support of Shanghai Sailing Program(19YF1415100)+2 种基金the Young Elite Scientist Sponsorship Program by CAST(2019QNRC001)the support of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52090022)the Natural Science Foundation for Distinguished Young Scholars of Hebei Province(E2020203085)。
文摘The electrochemical performance of lithium-ion batteries,i.e.specific capacity and cyclability,is primarily determined by chemical reversibility and structural stability of the electrodes in cycling.Here we have investigated the fundamental reaction behaviors of nickel sulfide(NixSy)as lithium-ion battery anodes by in-situ TEM.We find that Ni_(3)S_(2)is the electrochemically stable phase,which appears in the first cycle of the NixSyanode.From the second cycle,conversion between Ni_(3)S_(2)and Li_(2)S/Ni is the dominant electrochemical reaction.In lithiation,the NixSynanoparticles evolve into a mixture of Ni nanocrystals embedded in Li_(2)S matrix,which form a porous structure upon full lithiation,and with the recrystallization of the Ni_(3)S_(2)phase in delithiation,a compact and interconnected network is built.Structural stability in cycles is susceptible to particle size and substrate restraint.Carbon substrate can certainly improve the tolerance for size-dependent pulverization of NixSynanoparticles.When NixSynanoparticle exceeds the critical size value,the morphology of the particle is no longer well maintained even under the constraints of the carbon substrate.This work deepens the understanding of electrochemical reaction behavior of conversiontype materials and helps to rational design of high-energy density battery anodes.
基金financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22078274,21903066)。
文摘Atmospheric CO_(2)concentrations are soaring due to the continued use of fossil fuels in energy production,an anthropogenic activity that is playing a leading role in global warming.Thus,research aimed at the capture and conversion of CO_(2)into value-added products,such as cyclic carbonates,is booming.While CO_(2)is an abundant,cheap,non-toxic,and readily accessible Cl feedstock,its thermodynamic stability necessitates the development of highly efficient catalysts that are able to promote chemical reactions under mild conditions.In this work,a novel mesoporous poly(ionic liquid)with dual active sites was synthesized through a facile method that involves co-polymerization,post-synthetic metalation,and supercritical CO_(2)drying.Due to a high density of nucleophilic and electrophilic sites,the as-prepared poly(ionic liquid),denoted as P2D-4BrBQA-Zn,offers excellent performance in a CO_(2)cycloaddition reaction using epichlorohydrin as the substrate(98.9%conversion and 96.9%selectivity).Moreover the reaction is carried out under mild,solvent-free,and additive-free conditions.Notably,P2D-4BrBQA-Zn also efficiently promotes the conversion of various other epoxide substrates into cyclic carbonates.Overall,the catalyst is found to have excellent substrate compatibility,stability,and recyclability.
基金Hongtao Wang acknowledges the support from National Key Research and Development Program of China(2017YFB0403602)China Scholarship Council.Baohua Jia acknowledges the support from the Australian Research Council through the Discovery Projects(DP150102972,DP190103186)+5 种基金the Industrial Transformation Training Centres scheme(Grant No.IC180100005)support from Defence Science Institute(DSI)and Defence Science and Technology Group(DSTG).C.W.Q.acknowledges the support from the National Research Foundation,Prime Minister’s Office,Singapore,under its Competitive Research Programme(CRP award NRF CRP22-2019-0006)Advanced Research and Technology Innovation Centre(ARTIC)under the grant(R-261-518-004-720)A STAR under Advanced Manufacturing and Engineering(AME)Individual Research Grant(IRG A2083c0060)Tian Lan acknowledges National Key Basic Research Program 973 Project(2013CB329202)National Major Scientific Instruments and Equipments Development Project supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.61827814).
文摘Ultrathin flat metalenses have emerged as promising alternatives to conventional diffractive lenses,offering new possibilities for myriads of miniaturization and interfacial applications.Graphene-based materials can achieve both phase and amplitude modulations simultaneously at a single position due to the modification of the complex refractive index and thickness by laser conversion from graphene oxide into graphene like materials.In this work,we develop graphene oxide metalenses to precisely control phase and amplitude modulations and to achieve a holistic and systematic lens design based on a graphene-based material system.We experimentally validate our strategies via demonstrations of two graphene oxide metalenses:one with an ultra-long(~16λ)optical needle,and the other with axial multifocal spots,at the wavelength of 632.8 nm with a 200 nm thin film.Our proposed graphene oxide metalenses unfold unprecedented opportunities for accurately designing graphene-based ultrathin integratable devices for broad applications.
基金the Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(Grant No.2021A1515012070)the Sichuan Science and Technology Program(Grant Nos.2021YFS0336 and 2019YJ0712)+1 种基金the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Grant No.ZYGX2019J035)the Sichuan Science and Technology Innovation Seedling Project Funding Project(Grant No.2020023)are gratefully acknowledged.
文摘In a wind turbine,the rolling bearing is the critical component.However,it has a high failure rate.Therefore,the failure analysis and fault diagnosis of wind power rolling bearings are very important to ensure the high reliability and safety of wind power equipment.In this study,the failure form and the corresponding reason for the failure are discussed firstly.Then,the natural frequency and the characteristic frequency are analyzed.The Empirical Mode Decomposition(EMD)algorithm is used to extract the characteristics of the vibration signal of the rolling bearing.Moreover,the eigenmode function is obtained and then filtered by the kurtosis criterion.Consequently,the relationship between the actual fault frequency spectrum and the theoretical fault frequency can be obtained.Then the fault analysis is performed.To enhance the accuracy of fault diagnosis,based on the previous feature extraction and the time-frequency domain feature extraction of the data after EMD decomposition processing,four different classifiers are added to diagnose and classify the fault status of rolling bearings and compare them with four different classifiers.
基金funded by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.51704177,51809159)A Project of Shandong Province Higher Educational Science and Technology Program(No.J16LG04)+2 种基金Open Research Fund of State Key Laboratory of Geomechanics and Geotechnical Engineering(No.Z018005)Shandong Co-Innovation Center for Disaster Prevention and Mitigation of Civil Structures(No.XTP201911)the Doctoral Research Fund of Shandong Jianzhu University(No.XNBS1501).
文摘Layered rock strata are observed to be common during the excavation of tunnels or cavities,and may significantly affect the deformation and failure characteristics of surrounding rock masses due to various complex forms and mechanical properties.In this paper,we propose a three-dimensional axisymmetric velocity field for roof collapse of shallow cavities in multi rock layers,by considering the influences of roof cross-section shapes,supporting pressure,ground overload,etc.The internal energy dissipation rate and work rates of external forces corresponding to the velocity field are computed by employing the Hoek-Brown strength criterion and its associated flow rule.Further,the equations of the collapse surfaces and the corresponding weight of collapsing rock masses are derived on the basis of upper bound theorem.Furthermore,we validate the proposed method by comparing the results of numerical calculations and existing research findings.The change laws of the collapse range under varying parameters are obtained for the presence of rectangular and spherical cavities.We also find that the three-dimensional mechanism is relatively safer for engineering designing actually,compared with the traditional two-dimensional mechanism.All these conclusions may provide workable guidelines for the support design of shallow cavities in layered rock strata practically.
文摘Objective Previous studies have proven that cumulative smoking dose predicts the prevalence of epidermal growth factor receptor(EGFR) mutations. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between smoking-related factors and EGFR mutation status. Methods Samples were collected from 195 smokers with non-small cell lung cancer(NSCLC) who underwent surgical resection and the presence of EGFR mutations(exons 19 and 21) were determined by real-time polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR).Results EGFR gene mutations were present in 33(16.9%) patients who were smokers; the patients were divided into three groups according to the smoking index(SI). The incidence of EGFR mutations decreased from 38.9% in mild smokers to 8.1% in severe smokers(P = 0.001). Compared to daily smoking dose(P = 0.547), initial smoking age(P = 0.085) and duration of smoking history had a larger effect on EGFR mutation status(P = 0.002).Conclusion Although there is a decrease in the incidence of mutations with increasing SI, there were still around 17% of smokers with NSCLC that harbored EGFR mutations, so it is necessary to test for EGFR mutation status in smokers with NSCLC.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(21905137 and 21875111)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(BK20180496)。
文摘The exploitation of proper electron transport layers(ETLs)and interface optimization can play a pivotal role to promote the performance of organic solar cells(OSCs).In this work,low temperature processable tin oxide(SnO_(2))colloidal nanoparticles with ethanolamine(EA)treatment are successfully employed for efficient and stable OSCs with light soaking free.The EA is chemically bonded with SnO_(2),and the ethanolamine treated tin oxide(E-SnO_(2))layer delivers a suitable work function of 4.10 eV and a unique surface texture with suspended polar moieties.The enhanced performance of E-SnO_(2) based OSCs can be attributed to the improved charge transport and electron extraction,which is correlated with the regulated energy level alignment and contact quality of E-SnO_(2)/active layer.As a result,considerable power conversion efficiencies(PCEs)of 10.30%,13.93%and 15.38%for PTB7-Th/PC_(71) BM,PM7/ITC6-4 F and PM6/Y6 based OSCs have been realized with E-SnO_(2) as ETL,respectively.Compared with ZnO based devices,the E-SnO_(2) based OSCs exhibit an improved light aging stability,which can retain 94.3%of their initial PCE of 15.38%after 100 h light aging for E-SnO_(2)/PM6/Y6 based OSCs.This work demonstrates that the enormous potential of E-SnO_(2) to serve as ETL for high-efficiency and stable OSCs.
文摘Objective The present study attempted to evaluate the value of neoadjuvant chemotherapy in limiteddisease small cell lung cancer(LD-SCLC),and to identify the predictive value of the tumor regression grading(TRG) system in LD-SCLC treatment-response and prognosis.Methods The records of patients with LD-SCLC(p-Stage I–IIIa) who underwent definitive radical resection at Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital between March 1,2000 and March 31,2014 were retrospectively analyzed.We compared the disease-free survival(DFS) and overall survival(OS) rates between Group A patients(patients who underwent surgery combined with pre-and post-operative chemotherapy) and Group B patients(patients who underwent surgery combined with adjuvant chemotherapy only) using the Kaplan-Meier method and the Mantel-Cox test.The specimens of patients who received neoadjuvant chemotherapy were reassessed according to the TRG system.Results The median DFS for 27 patients was 16.267 months and the median OS was 81.167 months(1-year OS,74.07%;3-year OS,22.22%;5-year OS,14.81%).Thirteen patients received neoadjuvant chemotherapy,and their specimens were reassessed by TRG(pathological complete remission,3/13,23.08%).Patients in group A had a longer OS than those in group B(mean,93.782 months versus 42.322 months,P = 0.025),although there was no significant difference in DFS between the two groups(median 20.100 months versus 14.667 months,P = 0.551).Statistical analysis revealed that TRG Grade(G) 0(mean,61.222 months) was associated with better OS than G1-2(mean,31.213 months)(P = 0.311).Conclusion Our study indicated that neoadjuvant chemotherapy combined with surgical resection may represent a feasible treatment method for patients with LD-SCLC.The TRG system may be a valuable prediction tool to assess neoadjuvant chemotherapeutic efficacy,especially in patients with G0 disease as determined by TRG;these patients may attain an improved survival benefit with neoadjuvant chemotherapy.
基金funded by Singapore University of Technology and Design(SUTD)—Temasek Lab through the grant IGDSP1602051。
文摘Integrating micro-optical components at the end facet of an optical fiber enables compact optics to shape the output beam(e.g.collimating,focusing,and coupling to free space elements or photonic integrated circuits).However,the scalability of this approach is a longstanding challenge as these components must be aligned onto individual fiber facets.In this paper,we propose a socket that enables easy slotting of fibers,self-alignment,and coupling onto micro-optical components.This integrated socket can be detached from the substrate upon fiber insertion to create a stand-alone optical system.Fabrication is done using nanoscale 3D printing via two-photon polymerization lithography onto glass substrates,which allows multiple sockets to be patterned in a single print.We investigated variations in socket design and evaluated the performance of optical elements for telecom wavelengths.We obtained an alignment accuracy of∼3.5μm.These socket designs can be customized for high efficiency chip to fiber coupling and extended to other spectral ranges for free-form optics.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.52175130)the Sichuan Science and Technology Program (Grant No.2022YFQ0087)+2 种基金the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (Grant No.2021M700693)the Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation (Grant No.2021A1515012070)the Sichuan Science and Technology Innovation Seedling Project Funding Project (Grant No.2021112).
文摘In uncertainty-based multidisciplinary design optimization(UBMDO),all reliability limitation factors are maintained due to minimize the cost target function.There are many reliability evaluation methods for reliability limitation factors.The second-order reliability method(SORM)is a powerful most possible point(MPP)-based method.It can provide an accurate estimation of the failure probability of a highly nonlinear limit state function despite its large curvature.But the Hessian calculation is necessary in SORM,which results in a heavy computational cost.Recently,an efficient approximated second-order reliability method(ASORM)is proposed.The ASORM uses a quasi-Newton method to close to Hessian without the direct calculation of Hessian.To further improve the UBMDO efficiency,we also introduce the performance measure approach(PMA)and the sequential optimization and reliability assessment(SORA)strategy.To solve the optimization design problem of a turbine blade,the formula of MDO with ASORM under the SORA framework(MDO-ASORM-SORA)is proposed.
基金funded by the Sichuan Science and Technology Innovation Seedling Project Funding Project (Grant No.2021112).
文摘In the engineering.to ensure the quality and safety,it is necessary to carry out reliability analysis on it.When conducting reliability analysis in engineering.a 1arge rumber of small1 failure probability problems will be encountered.For such problems,the traditional Monte Carlo method needs a 1ot of samples,and the calculation efficiency is extremely 1ow,while the subset sinmulation method can efficiently estimate the relLability index of the small failure probability problem with litle samples.Therefore,this paper takes the application of the subset simulation method in the reliability analysis of the small failure probability structure as the object,constructs the reliability analysis method of the single failure mode of the system and applies the method to a mathematical example and a single-story gate.Through the rigid frame example,it can be seen that this method is beneficial to improve the calculation efficiency and accuracy.
基金supported by the CAMS Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences(2021-I2M-1-073,2021-I2M-1-040,2022-I2M-JB-015)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2021YFA1100703,2021YFA1103000)+2 种基金Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem Innovation Fund(22HHXBSS00031)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(82125003,32271161,82200141)Tianjin Municipal Science and Technology Commission Grant(20JCYBJC00240,22ZXSYSY00010,22JCQNJC01270)。
文摘The embryonic mesoderm comprises heterogeneous cell subpopulations with distinct lineage biases.It is unclear whether a bias for the human hematopoietic lineage emerges at this early developmental stage.In this study,we integrated single-cell transcriptomic analyses of human mesoderm cells from embryonic stem cells and embryos,enabling us to identify and define the molecular features of human hematopoietic mesoderm(HM)cells biased towards hematopoietic lineages.We discovered that BMP4 plays an essential role in HM specification and can serve as a marker for HM cells.Mechanistically,BMP4 acts as a downstream target of HDAC1,which modulates the expression of BMP4 by deacetylating its enhancer.Inhibition of HDAC significantly enhances HM specification and promotes subsequent hematopoietic cell differentiation.In conclusion,our study identifies human HM cells and describes new mechanisms for human hematopoietic development.
基金support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.22078274,22373080,and 21903066)the President Fund of Xiamen University(No.20720210046).
文摘With the fast generation of electronic waste(e-waste)and the increasing depletion of metal resources,“urban mining”that can selectively recover gold from secondary resources has attracted great interest.Construction of materials with high extraction capacity and satisfying selectivity in complex aqueous-based matrices still remains challenging.Here,a novel metal-organic framework/polymer composite(Fe-BTC/poly(thioctic acid),denoted as Fe-BTC/pTA)has been newly synthesized and applied for selective gold recovery in different matrices(river water,seawater,and leaching solution of e-waste).Benefiting from the high specific surface area and suitable pore sizes as well as the rational design of active sites,the composite exhibits high adsorption capacity(920 mg/g),high removal efficiency(>99%),fast kinetics(below 0.1 ppb within 10 min),and good applicability in complex matrices,which are better than those of most reported sulfur-containing adsorbents.Solid-state metallic gold with high purity can be effectively enriched due to the high recyclability and long-term stability of the composite.The material after adsorption can be further applied as a heterogeneous catalyst for water remediation due to the in situ generated gold nanoparticles by the redox reaction between Au(III)ions and the S-containing groups in the composites.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos.52171220,51972253,92163119 and 92163212)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (Nos.WUT:2020-YB-037,2022IVA059 and 2022IVA141)supported by the Fundamental Re-search Funds for the Central Universities (No.WUT:2019III012GX).
文摘Most inorganic thermoelectric semiconductors are intrinsically brittle,restricting the application of ther-moelectric materials.Therefore,developing ductile thermoelectric materials is crucial to thermoelectric technology applications.In this work,single-phase SnTe bulks with dense dislocations were prepared by melting quenching combined with spark plasma sintering.The resulting SnTe thermoelectric materials exhibited a large compressive strain of∼7.5%at room temperature,originating from high-density pre-existing mobile dislocations.The initiation of localized slip bands and preferred slip system were also identified by first-principles simulation.Detail microstructural characterizations reveal that the thermal activated dislocation emission and migration lead to higher compressive strains at intermediate tem-peratures.At 673 K,the deformation mechanism changed from dislocation mediated to grain boundary mediated plasticity,resulting in an ultra-high compressive strain of∼42%.In sum,new insights into the mechanical behavior of SnTe thermoelectric material over a wide range of temperatures were provided.This work offers the dislocation engineering strategy to design ductile thermoelectric materials for flexi-ble electronics and energy systems.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52172171,52090022,11725210,and 91963115)the Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province of China(E2022203109)Dr.Nie A appreciates the support of the Natural Science Foundation for Distinguished Young Scholars of Hebei Province(E2020203085)。
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.11790293,51871016,51671021,51971017,52122408,52071023,51901013)the Funds for Creative Research Groups of China(51921001)+3 种基金111 Project(BP0719004)Program for Changjiang Scholars and Innovative Research Team in University of China(IRT_14R05)financial support from the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China(No.FRF-TP-18-004C1,No.FRF-BD-19-002B,respectively)financial support from Projects of SKLAMM-USTB(2019Z-01,2018-Z01,2022Z-09).
文摘Alloys with a hexagonal close-packed(HCP)lattice often suffer from intrinsic brittleness due to their in-sufficient number of slip systems,which limits their practical uses.In this paper,nevertheless,we show that remarkably tensile ductility in HCP Hf-Zr-Ti medium entropy alloys(MEAs)was achieved,particu-larly in the MEAs with a higher content of Hf.Both first-principles calculation and experimental analyses reveal that addition of Hf increases basal I2 stacking fault energy and decreases prismatic stacking fault energy in these HCP MEAs,which promotes the source of pyramidal dislocations due to the facilitated cross slips of basal dislocations and eventually give rise to the observed large tensile ductility.Our current findings not only shed new insights into understanding deformation of HCP alloys,but also provide a basis for controlling alloying effects for developing novel HCP complex alloys with optimized properties.
基金the National Key R&D Program of China(2018YFC1802306)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.42177177).
文摘The passive convergence-permeable reactive barrier(PC-PRB)was proposed to address the limitations of traditional PRB configurations.To evaluate the hydraulic and pollutant removal performance of the PC-PRB system,we developed a simulation code named PRB-Trans.This code uses the two-dimensional(2D)finite element method to simulate groundwater flow and solute transport.Case studies demonstrate that PC-PRB technology is more efficient and cost-effective than continuous permeable reactive barrier(C-PRB)in treating the same contaminated plume.Implementation of PC-PRB technology results in a 33.3%and 72.7%reduction in PRB length(L_(PRB))and height(H_(PRB)),respectively,while increasing 2D horizontal and 2D vertical pollutant treatment efficiencies of PRB by 87.8%and 266.8%,respectively.In addition,the PC-PRB technology has the ability to homogenize the pollutant concentration and pollutant flux through the PRB system,which can mitigate the problems arising from uneven distribution of pollutants in the C-PRB to some extent.The L_(PRB)required for PC-PRB decreases as the water pipe length(L_(p))increases,while the H_(PRB)required initially decreases and then increases with increasing L_(p).The effect of passive well height(Hw)on H_(PRB)is not as significant as that of L_(p)on H_(PRB).Overall,PC-PRB presents a promising and advantageous PRB configuration in the effective treatment of various types of contaminated plumes.
基金National Research Foundation Singapore(NRF-CRP20-2017-0004,NRF-NRFI06-2020-0005)。
文摘The field of metasurface research has rapidly developed in the past decade.Electron-beam lithography(EBL)is an excellent tool used for rapid prototyping of metasurfaces.However,Gaussian-beam EBL generally struggles with low throughput.In conjunction with the recent rise of interest in metasurfaces made of low-index dielectric materials,we propose in this study the use of a relatively unexplored chemically amplified resist,SU-8 with EBL,as a method for rapid prototyping of low-index metasurfaces.We demonstrate the use of SU-8 grating on silicon for cost-efficient fabrication of an all-dielectric multilevel security print for anti-counterfeiting purposes,which encrypt different optical information with different light illumination conditions,namely,bright-field reflection,dark-field reflection,and cross-polarized reflection.The large-scale print(1 mm^(2))could be exposed in a relatively short time(~11 min)due to the ultrahigh sensitivity of the resist,while the feature size of~200 nm was maintained,demonstrating that SU-8 EBL resist serves as a good candidate for rapid prototyping of metasurface designs.Our results could find applications in the general area of increasing EBL patterning speed for a variety of other devices and structures.
