Attempts have been made to use cell transplantation and biomaterials to promote cell proliferation,differentiation,migration,and survival,as well as angiogenesis,in the context of brain injury.However,whether bioactiv...Attempts have been made to use cell transplantation and biomaterials to promote cell proliferation,differentiation,migration,and survival,as well as angiogenesis,in the context of brain injury.However,whether bioactive materials can repair the damage caused by ischemic stroke by activating endogenous neurogenesis and angiogenesis is still unknown.In this study,we applied chitosan gel loaded with basic fibroblast growth factor to the stroke cavity 7 days after ischemic stroke in rats.The gel slowly released basic fibroblast growth factor,which improved the local microenvironment,activated endogenous neural stem/progenitor cells,and recruited these cells to migrate toward the penumbra and stroke cavity and subsequently differentiate into neurons,while enhancing angiogenesis in the penumbra and stroke cavity and ultimately leading to partial functional recovery.This study revealed the mechanism by which bioactive materials repair ischemic strokes,thus providing a new strategy for the clinical application of bioactive materials in the treatment of ischemic stroke.展开更多
As a new type of two-dimensional(2D)materials,monoelemental 2D materials have the atomic structure similar to graphene,and their excellent optical and electronic properties have potential applications in many fields.T...As a new type of two-dimensional(2D)materials,monoelemental 2D materials have the atomic structure similar to graphene,and their excellent optical and electronic properties have potential applications in many fields.To date,many studies based on monoelemental 2D materials have been reported,and excellent performance has been demonstrated in various fields.The monoelemental 2D materials that have been reported so far are mainly distributed in the groupⅢA,ⅣA,ⅤA,andⅥA.Because of their structural similarities to graphene,they are commonly referred to as"Xenes."Here,we have comprehensively reviewed the research progress of monoelemental 2D materials.In this review,we explore the structure,properties,and practical applications of these monoelemental 2D materials.First,the classification,structural features,optical properties,electronic characteristics,and regulating mechanism of these monoelemental 2D materials are introduced.Then,the practical application and research progress of monoelemental 2D materials in various fields are reviewed comprehensively,especially including photoelectric catalysis,solar cells,and other energy fields.This review will give readers a more all-sided understanding of monoelemental 2D materials and have some guiding significance for their further development.展开更多
As an important agricultural waste,corn cob is one of the most abundant lignocellulosic biomass.In this work,dilute acid pretreatment using seven different organic acids were compared for compositional analysis of cor...As an important agricultural waste,corn cob is one of the most abundant lignocellulosic biomass.In this work,dilute acid pretreatment using seven different organic acids were compared for compositional analysis of corn cob.The first pKa of organic acids,influenced by the number and type of the side group and distance between two carboxylic groups,played a crucial role in the pretreatment effect.Citric acid was found to have better pretreatment performance than other tested dicarboxylic acids.Under the condition of 30 mM,160°C and 60 min,the level of xylose reached 22.64 g/L in pretreatment liquid,and the pretreated corn cob demonstrated the high enhancement of enzymatic hydrolysis up to 93.4%and the ethanol yield was 73.6%.展开更多
Establishing the food and drug police system is particularly important for effectively striking at illegal and criminal activities related to food and drug. This study firstly revealed actual background of establishme...Establishing the food and drug police system is particularly important for effectively striking at illegal and criminal activities related to food and drug. This study firstly revealed actual background of establishment of the food and drug police system. Taking the high profile gutter oil case in 2013 as an example,it analyzed advantages of the police in food safety supervision. Then,it summarized some pilot projects in China and analyzed characteristics of the Office of Criminal Investigations of FDA. Finally,it came up with problems and recommendations for improving food and drug police system.展开更多
In order to increase the illegal credit cost and social cost of companies,blacklist policies for food factories came into being. According to international experiences,blacklist policy,as a systematic project,is compa...In order to increase the illegal credit cost and social cost of companies,blacklist policies for food factories came into being. According to international experiences,blacklist policy,as a systematic project,is compatible with law and regulations,social credit system,and social observation movement. This paper reviewed the international experiences in blacklist policies and analyzed the existing problems in blacklist policies. In addition,three constructive suggestions were proposed in this paper.展开更多
Salt stress is a major abiotic stress which severely hinders crop production.However,the regulatory network controlling tomato resistance to salt remains unclear.Here,we found that the tomato WRKY transcription factor...Salt stress is a major abiotic stress which severely hinders crop production.However,the regulatory network controlling tomato resistance to salt remains unclear.Here,we found that the tomato WRKY transcription factor WRKY57 acted as a negative regulator in salt stress response by directly attenuating the transcription of salt-responsive genes(Sl RD29B and Sl DREB2)and an ion homeostasis gene(Sl SOS1).We further identified two VQ-motif containing proteins Sl VQ16 and Sl VQ21as Sl WRKY57-interacting proteins.Sl VQ16 positively,while Sl VQ21 negatively modulated tomato resistance to salt stress.Sl VQ16 and Sl VQ21 competitively interacted with Sl WRKY57 and antagonistically regulated the transcriptional repression activity of Sl WRKY57.Additionally,the Sl WRKY57-Sl VQ21/Sl VQ16 module was involved in the pathway of phytohormone jasmonates(JAs)by interacting with JA repressors JA-ZIM domain(JAZ)proteins.These results provide new insights into how the Sl WRKY57-Sl VQ21/Sl VQ16 module finely tunes tomato salt tolerance.展开更多
The development of deep learning and open access to a substantial collection of imaging data together provide a potential solution for computational image transformation,which is gradually changing the landscape of op...The development of deep learning and open access to a substantial collection of imaging data together provide a potential solution for computational image transformation,which is gradually changing the landscape of optical imaging and biomedical research.However,current implementations of deep learning usually operate in a supervised manner,and their reliance on laborious and error-prone data annotation procedures remains a barrier to more general applicability.Here,we propose an unsupervised image transformation to facilitate the utilization of deep learning for optical microscopy,even in some cases in which supervised models cannot be applied.Through the introduction of a saliency constraint,the unsupervised model,named Unsupervised content-preserving Transformation for Optical Microscopy(UTOM);can learn the mapping between two image domains without requiring paired training data while avoiding distortions of the image content.UTOM shows promising performance in a wide range of biomedical image transformation tasks,including in silico histological staining,fluorescence image restoration,and virtual fluorescence labeling.Quantitative evaluations reveal that UTOM achieves stable and high-fidelity image transformations across different imaging conditions and modalities.We anticipate that our framework will encourage a paradigm shift in training neural networks and enable more applications of artificial intelligence in biomedical imaging.展开更多
Maternal behaviors and brains change dramatically with pregnancy,parturition and other mothering experiences.However,whether paternal behavior,brain plasticity and levels of relevant hormones also change along with fa...Maternal behaviors and brains change dramatically with pregnancy,parturition and other mothering experiences.However,whether paternal behavior,brain plasticity and levels of relevant hormones also change along with fathering experience and pups’age remains unclear.Using socially monogamous mandarin voles(Micro-tus mandarinus),we found that experienced fathers exhibited more active paternal behaviors,such as licking,retrievals and nest building,but less paternal care,such as huddling,than new fathers.The high levels of licking and nest building appeared in the earlier days of their mate’s lactation.Experienced fathers retrieved 9–13-day-old pups more frequently.However,these paternal behaviors did not show significant changes with age of pups in new fathers.In addition,experienced fathers had dramatically higher prolactin levels than new fathers but had similar concentrations of testosterone to new fathers.New fathers had lower levels of testosterone but higher levels of prolactin than new paired males.The fathers had higher prolactin levels in the earlier days of their mate’s lactation.The new and experienced fathers had similar dendritic length and spine density on pyramidal neurons in the medial prefrontal cortex but displayed higher levels than new paired males.Taken together,these results indicate that reduction of testosterone levels and increase of prolactin levels may be associated with initiation of paternal care.Fathering experience significantly affects levels of parental care and paternal behaviors toward different aged pups,and brain plasticity can also be enhanced by transition to fatherhood.展开更多
Phenotypic diversity,especially that of facial morphology,has not been fully investigated in the Han Chinese,which is the largest ethnic group in the world.In this study,we systematically analyzed a total of 14,838 fa...Phenotypic diversity,especially that of facial morphology,has not been fully investigated in the Han Chinese,which is the largest ethnic group in the world.In this study,we systematically analyzed a total of 14,838 facial traits representing 15 categories with both a large-scale three-dimensional(3D)manual landmarking database and computer-aided facial segmented phenotyping in 2379 Han Chinese individuals.Our results illustrate that homogeneous and heterogeneous facial morphological traits exist among Han Chinese populations across the three geographical regions:Zhengzhou,Taizhou,and Nanning.We identifed 1560 shared features from extracted phenotypes,which characterized well the basic facial morphology of the Han Chinese.In particular,heterogeneous phenotypes showing population structures corresponded to geographical subpopulations.The greatest facial variation among these geographical populations was the angle of glabella,left subalare,and right cheilion(p=3.4×10^(−161)).Interestingly,we found that Han Chinese populations could be classifed into northern Han,central Han,and southern Han at the phenotypic level,and the facial morphological variation pattern of central Han Chinese was between the typical diferentiation of northern and southern Han Chinese.This result was highly consistent with the results revealed by the genetic data.These fndings provide new insights into the analysis of multidimensional phenotypes as well as a valuable resource for further facial phenotype-genotype association studies in Han Chinese and East Asian populations.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,Nos.81941011(to XL),31771053(to HD),31730030(to XL),31971279(to ZY),31900749(to PH),31650001(to XL),31320103903(to XL),31670988(to ZY)the Natural Science Foundation of Beijing,Nos.7222004(to HD)+1 种基金a grant from Ministry of Science and Technology of China,Nos.2017YFC1104002(to ZY),2017YFC1104001(to XL)a grant from Beihang University,No.JKF-YG-22-B001(to FH)。
文摘Attempts have been made to use cell transplantation and biomaterials to promote cell proliferation,differentiation,migration,and survival,as well as angiogenesis,in the context of brain injury.However,whether bioactive materials can repair the damage caused by ischemic stroke by activating endogenous neurogenesis and angiogenesis is still unknown.In this study,we applied chitosan gel loaded with basic fibroblast growth factor to the stroke cavity 7 days after ischemic stroke in rats.The gel slowly released basic fibroblast growth factor,which improved the local microenvironment,activated endogenous neural stem/progenitor cells,and recruited these cells to migrate toward the penumbra and stroke cavity and subsequently differentiate into neurons,while enhancing angiogenesis in the penumbra and stroke cavity and ultimately leading to partial functional recovery.This study revealed the mechanism by which bioactive materials repair ischemic strokes,thus providing a new strategy for the clinical application of bioactive materials in the treatment of ischemic stroke.
基金supported by the Grants from Provincial Natural Science Foundation of Hunan(No.2019JJ50612)Open Fund Based on Innovation Platform of Hunan Col eges and Universities(No.18K032)+3 种基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.11504312)Scientific Research Fund of Hunan Provincial Education Department(No.18A059)the Program for Changjiang Scholars and Innovative Research Team in University(IRT_17R91)Science and Technology Program of Xiangtan(No.CXYZD20172002)
文摘As a new type of two-dimensional(2D)materials,monoelemental 2D materials have the atomic structure similar to graphene,and their excellent optical and electronic properties have potential applications in many fields.To date,many studies based on monoelemental 2D materials have been reported,and excellent performance has been demonstrated in various fields.The monoelemental 2D materials that have been reported so far are mainly distributed in the groupⅢA,ⅣA,ⅤA,andⅥA.Because of their structural similarities to graphene,they are commonly referred to as"Xenes."Here,we have comprehensively reviewed the research progress of monoelemental 2D materials.In this review,we explore the structure,properties,and practical applications of these monoelemental 2D materials.First,the classification,structural features,optical properties,electronic characteristics,and regulating mechanism of these monoelemental 2D materials are introduced.Then,the practical application and research progress of monoelemental 2D materials in various fields are reviewed comprehensively,especially including photoelectric catalysis,solar cells,and other energy fields.This review will give readers a more all-sided understanding of monoelemental 2D materials and have some guiding significance for their further development.
基金by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2018YFA0902200)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51561145015)the Major Program of the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Higher Education of China(16KJA220004).
文摘As an important agricultural waste,corn cob is one of the most abundant lignocellulosic biomass.In this work,dilute acid pretreatment using seven different organic acids were compared for compositional analysis of corn cob.The first pKa of organic acids,influenced by the number and type of the side group and distance between two carboxylic groups,played a crucial role in the pretreatment effect.Citric acid was found to have better pretreatment performance than other tested dicarboxylic acids.Under the condition of 30 mM,160°C and 60 min,the level of xylose reached 22.64 g/L in pretreatment liquid,and the pretreated corn cob demonstrated the high enhancement of enzymatic hydrolysis up to 93.4%and the ethanol yield was 73.6%.
基金Supported by Project of National Natural Science Foundation(71173225)
文摘Establishing the food and drug police system is particularly important for effectively striking at illegal and criminal activities related to food and drug. This study firstly revealed actual background of establishment of the food and drug police system. Taking the high profile gutter oil case in 2013 as an example,it analyzed advantages of the police in food safety supervision. Then,it summarized some pilot projects in China and analyzed characteristics of the Office of Criminal Investigations of FDA. Finally,it came up with problems and recommendations for improving food and drug police system.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Project(No.71173225)
文摘In order to increase the illegal credit cost and social cost of companies,blacklist policies for food factories came into being. According to international experiences,blacklist policy,as a systematic project,is compatible with law and regulations,social credit system,and social observation movement. This paper reviewed the international experiences in blacklist policies and analyzed the existing problems in blacklist policies. In addition,three constructive suggestions were proposed in this paper.
基金supported by the Project of Cultivation for young top-notch Talents of Beijing Municipal Institutions (Grant No.BPHR202203099)。
文摘Salt stress is a major abiotic stress which severely hinders crop production.However,the regulatory network controlling tomato resistance to salt remains unclear.Here,we found that the tomato WRKY transcription factor WRKY57 acted as a negative regulator in salt stress response by directly attenuating the transcription of salt-responsive genes(Sl RD29B and Sl DREB2)and an ion homeostasis gene(Sl SOS1).We further identified two VQ-motif containing proteins Sl VQ16 and Sl VQ21as Sl WRKY57-interacting proteins.Sl VQ16 positively,while Sl VQ21 negatively modulated tomato resistance to salt stress.Sl VQ16 and Sl VQ21 competitively interacted with Sl WRKY57 and antagonistically regulated the transcriptional repression activity of Sl WRKY57.Additionally,the Sl WRKY57-Sl VQ21/Sl VQ16 module was involved in the pathway of phytohormone jasmonates(JAs)by interacting with JA repressors JA-ZIM domain(JAZ)proteins.These results provide new insights into how the Sl WRKY57-Sl VQ21/Sl VQ16 module finely tunes tomato salt tolerance.
基金We would like to acknowledge Weigert et al.for making their source code and data related to image restoration openly available to the comm unity.We thank the Rubin Lab at Harvard,the Finkbeiner Lab at Gladstone,and Google Accelerated Science for releasing their datasets on virtual cell staining.We thank Jingjing Wang,affiliated with the apparatus sharing platform of Tsinghua University,for assistance with the imaging of histopathology slides.This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(62088102,61831014,62071271,and 62071272)Projects of MOST(2020AA0105500 and 2020AAA0130000)+1 种基金Shenzhen Science and Technology Projects(ZDYBH201900000002 and JCYJ20180508152042002)the National Postdoctoral Program for Innovative Talents(BX20190173).
文摘The development of deep learning and open access to a substantial collection of imaging data together provide a potential solution for computational image transformation,which is gradually changing the landscape of optical imaging and biomedical research.However,current implementations of deep learning usually operate in a supervised manner,and their reliance on laborious and error-prone data annotation procedures remains a barrier to more general applicability.Here,we propose an unsupervised image transformation to facilitate the utilization of deep learning for optical microscopy,even in some cases in which supervised models cannot be applied.Through the introduction of a saliency constraint,the unsupervised model,named Unsupervised content-preserving Transformation for Optical Microscopy(UTOM);can learn the mapping between two image domains without requiring paired training data while avoiding distortions of the image content.UTOM shows promising performance in a wide range of biomedical image transformation tasks,including in silico histological staining,fluorescence image restoration,and virtual fluorescence labeling.Quantitative evaluations reveal that UTOM achieves stable and high-fidelity image transformations across different imaging conditions and modalities.We anticipate that our framework will encourage a paradigm shift in training neural networks and enable more applications of artificial intelligence in biomedical imaging.
基金This research was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31372213 and 31670421)Fundamental Research Funds for Central University(GK201305009)Xi’an Science Technology Program(CXY1531WL17).
文摘Maternal behaviors and brains change dramatically with pregnancy,parturition and other mothering experiences.However,whether paternal behavior,brain plasticity and levels of relevant hormones also change along with fathering experience and pups’age remains unclear.Using socially monogamous mandarin voles(Micro-tus mandarinus),we found that experienced fathers exhibited more active paternal behaviors,such as licking,retrievals and nest building,but less paternal care,such as huddling,than new fathers.The high levels of licking and nest building appeared in the earlier days of their mate’s lactation.Experienced fathers retrieved 9–13-day-old pups more frequently.However,these paternal behaviors did not show significant changes with age of pups in new fathers.In addition,experienced fathers had dramatically higher prolactin levels than new fathers but had similar concentrations of testosterone to new fathers.New fathers had lower levels of testosterone but higher levels of prolactin than new paired males.The fathers had higher prolactin levels in the earlier days of their mate’s lactation.The new and experienced fathers had similar dendritic length and spine density on pyramidal neurons in the medial prefrontal cortex but displayed higher levels than new paired males.Taken together,these results indicate that reduction of testosterone levels and increase of prolactin levels may be associated with initiation of paternal care.Fathering experience significantly affects levels of parental care and paternal behaviors toward different aged pups,and brain plasticity can also be enhanced by transition to fatherhood.
基金the Basic Science Center Program(32288101)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)grants(32271186,31771325,32030020,31961130380,T2122007,and 32070577)the National Science and Technology Basic Research Project(2015FY111700 to LJ).
文摘Phenotypic diversity,especially that of facial morphology,has not been fully investigated in the Han Chinese,which is the largest ethnic group in the world.In this study,we systematically analyzed a total of 14,838 facial traits representing 15 categories with both a large-scale three-dimensional(3D)manual landmarking database and computer-aided facial segmented phenotyping in 2379 Han Chinese individuals.Our results illustrate that homogeneous and heterogeneous facial morphological traits exist among Han Chinese populations across the three geographical regions:Zhengzhou,Taizhou,and Nanning.We identifed 1560 shared features from extracted phenotypes,which characterized well the basic facial morphology of the Han Chinese.In particular,heterogeneous phenotypes showing population structures corresponded to geographical subpopulations.The greatest facial variation among these geographical populations was the angle of glabella,left subalare,and right cheilion(p=3.4×10^(−161)).Interestingly,we found that Han Chinese populations could be classifed into northern Han,central Han,and southern Han at the phenotypic level,and the facial morphological variation pattern of central Han Chinese was between the typical diferentiation of northern and southern Han Chinese.This result was highly consistent with the results revealed by the genetic data.These fndings provide new insights into the analysis of multidimensional phenotypes as well as a valuable resource for further facial phenotype-genotype association studies in Han Chinese and East Asian populations.
